Abstract-In this study we evaluated the effect of angiotensin(1-7) and its nonpeptide analog, AVE 0991, on the endothelial function in vivo. The experiments were performed in conscious adult male Wistar rats, with polyethylene catheters implanted into the descending aorta (through left carotid artery), for injection of acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, femoral artery for mean arterial pressure and heart rate measurement; and femoral vein for drug administration. Increasing doses of acetylcholine (3.1 ng to 25.0 ng) or nitroprusside (1.0 g to 10.0 g) were administered before and 30 minutes after the start of the infusion of: angiotensin(1-7) (0.7 and 7.0 pmol/min); A-779 (180 pmol/min); angiotensin(1-7) (7.0 pmol/min) combined with A-779 (180 pmol/min); AVE 0991 (11, 45, and 230 pmol/min); AVE 0991 (45 pmol/min) combined with A-779 (180 pmol/min), or vehicle (6 L/min). Baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate were not altered during angiotensin(1-7) or AVE 0991 infusion. Angiotensin(1-7) (0.7 pmol/min) infusion produced a significant potentiation of the hypotensive effect of acetylcholine (3.1 ng: Ϫ9Ϯ1 mm Hg before; Ϫ18Ϯ2 mm Hg after; PϽ0.05). A similar potentiation was observed with the higher dose of angiotensin(1-7).As observed for angiotensin(1-7), infusion of AVE 0991 at 230 pmol/min potentiated the acetylcholine effect (3. Key Words: angiotensin Ⅲ endothelium Ⅲ nitric oxide Ⅲ renin-angiotensin system T he renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular physiology and cell function. 1 The renin-angiotensin system is usually known as a hormonal and tissular system that releases angiotensin II (Ang II) and is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and salt and fluid homeostasis. It is becoming evident that the renin-angiotensin system has 2 major arms: a vasoconstrictor/proliferative in which the main mediator is Ang II, and a vasodilator/anti-proliferative, in which the major effector is angiotensin(1-7) [Ang(1-7)] acting on the G proteincoupled receptor Mas. 2 Angiotensin(1-7) is a biologically active heptapeptide, which can be formed in a pathway independent of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The blood vessels are an important site for the formation and biological actions of Ang(1-7). 3 In contrast to Ang II, Ang(1-7) is neither dipsogen nor an aldosterone secretagogue, but similarly to Ang II, it releases vasopressin, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. 3 Ang(1-7) can improve the baroreceptor reflex 4,5 and decrease smooth muscle cell growth. 6 Peripherally, the most important actions of Ang(1-7) appear to be related to the control of hydroelectrolyte balance 7 and cardiovascular function. 8 We have recently shown that Ang(1-7) is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas. 2 Because Ang(1-7) seems to counteract many of Ang II cardiovascular effects, this peptide and its receptor are potential targets for the development of cardioprotective or anti-hypertensive agents. The receptor Mas is blocked by the heptapeptide D-Ala(7)-Ang(1-7) [A-779], a sp...