Potential inundated coastal area estimation in Shanghai with multi-platform SAR and altimetry data

Review of satellite radar interferometry for subsidence analysis

“…In the latter scenario, vertical land motion measured by InSAR is often used in synergy with tide gauges, a conventional point-wise method to measure sea level relative to the land (Carbognin et al, 2004;Di Paola et al, 2018;Raucoules et al, 2013b) and with satellite radar altimetry (Catalao et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2017) to monitor coastal sea-level changes, the latter being highly valuable, especially along coastal areas where tide gauge data are not available. The combination of space-borne and geodetic methods to monitor relative sea-level changes (Tang et al, 2021) and vertical land motion has been highlighted as essential for coastal management by many authors (Elias et al, 2020;Poitevin et al, 2019), sometimes including GPS stations (Vadivel et al, 2019).…”

“…Leveling (Hung et al, 2011;Karila et al, 2013;Sarychikhina et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2003); continuous GPS (Bock et al, 2012), periodically surveyed GPS (Bejar-Pizarro et al, 2016) and adoption of common data frame (Hu et al, 2019a;Miller et al, 2017); GNSS (Del Soldato et al, 2018;Farolfi et al, 2019;Yalvac, 2020); extensometer ( Buckley et al, 2003;Calderhead et al, 2010); tide gauge (Carbognin et al, 2004;Di Paola et al, 2018) and altimetry (Catalao et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2017); pixel-offset (Chen et al, 2015a;Fan et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2017a). Field validation (Jung et al, 2007;Tomás et al, 2012) Comparison Piezometric level (Bui et al, 2021;Dang et al, 2014;Gao et al, 2018), pumping wells location (Tomas et al, 2011), water extraction rates (Cigna and Tapete, 2021b); geomorphological mapping Floris et al, 2019), geological ( Castellazzi et al, 2016a;Goorabi et al, 2020;Terranova et al, 2015), tectonic (Woppelmann et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2009a) and lithostratigraphic setting (Conesa-Garcia et al, 2016;Stramondo et al, 2008); geotechnical investigations (Herrera et al, 2009b;Khorrami et al, 2019...…”