We sought to develop and validate a national blood pressure reference based on age, sex, and height for Chinese children. Data were obtained on 197,430 children aged 7–17 who participated in the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health in 2010. Blood pressure percentiles were estimated and fitted using the Lambda Mu and Sigma method and then compared to a U.S. reference and China’s existing reference. In an external independent validation sample of 59,653 children aged 7–18 from 7 Chinese provinces in 2013, the prevalence of elevated Blood pressure was compared applying the three references. Blood pressure values were similar for boys and girls at the younger ages (7–13 years) and lower height percentiles, while higher at the older ages (14–17 years) for boys than girls. At medial height in boys and girls aged 7–13, the 50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of Blood pressure for the new national reference were consistent with U.S. reference and lower than current Chinese reference. In the independent sample, elevated Blood pressure prevalence, based on the new national reference, ranged from 7.8% to 18.5% among children aged 7–17, which was higher than the U.S. reference values (4.3% to 14.5%) and lower than the current Chinese reference (12.9% to 25.5%) in each age group. The new national Blood pressure reference for Chinese children based on age, sex and height from large-scale and nationally representative data appears to improve the ability for identifying Chinese hypertensive children and for stratifying them with regard to cardiovascular risk.