Potential Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of the Extracts and Their Active Components of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. with Special Emphasis on Polyphenols

Abstract

<jats:p>In Sudanese traditional medicine, decoctions of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpa are used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, this plant has not been investigated before for its antimycobacterial effects. Our screening results show, for the first time, that many extracts of various parts of A. leiocarpa exhibit growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 625 and 5000 µg/mL, with an ethyl acetate extract of the root showing the lowest MIC value. The good antimycobacterial effects of the root part could be due to its high concentration of ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, and flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractionation resulted in some fractions with better activity than the starting point crude methanol extract (MIC 2500 µg/mL). Those fractions with the lowest MIC values contained a high number of antioxidant compounds. Fractions 3 and 4 (MIC 1500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) contained high concentrations of di-methyl ellagic acid ([M-H]− 329.0318). Fraction 6 (MIC 2000 µg/mL) contained a lower concentration of di-methyl ellagic acid and was not as growth inhibitory as fractions 3 and 4. Moreover, in fraction 3, an acetylated ellagic acid derivative ([M-H]− 343.0477) and di-methyl-ellagic acid xyloside ([M-H]− 461.0739) were tentatively characterized. Di-methyl ellagic acid xyloside was also present in fraction 4 and could strongly contribute to the antimycobacterial effect of this fraction. Additionally, protocatechuic acid ([M-H]− at m/z 153.0196) was present in fraction 4. Our antimycobacterial results obtained from this research justify the use of A. leiocarpa in Sudanese folk medicine against cough related to TB. Roots, stem bark, and leaves of A. leiocarpa are sources for new potent anti-TB drug lead compounds.</jats:p>

Extraction Processes with Several Solvents on Total Bioactive Compounds in Different Organs of Three Medicinal Plants

“…On the other hand, and in consonance with Orlando et al [ 43 ], we observed that the polyphenol extraction yields were considerably varied between different plant parts. In a recent study, and in agreement with our results, Salih et al [ 44 ] did not obtain a good polyphenol extraction from macerated or decocted samples when using water as an extractant, in comparison with methanol and ethanol. These results were attributed to the lower polyphenol extraction yield obtained when water was used.…”

“…These results were attributed to the lower polyphenol extraction yield obtained when water was used. However, the use of other extracting agents in these conventional techniques entails an optimal extraction of bioactive compounds [ 44 ]. In this sense, methanol’s polarity is higher than ethanol’s; for this reason, very polar phenolic acids, such as cinnamic or benzoic acids, could be extracted more easily, increasing the total polyphenol content in the extracts obtained [ 6 ].…”

“…In all the flowers evaluated, anthocyanins are present, conferring their characteristic purple color on some parts of this organ and contributing to the hydrophilic fraction with other phenolic compounds, such as isoorientin and orientin for Passiflora , or quercetin for Physalis and Solanum , especially in the leaves and roots. On the other hand, Salih et al [ 44 ], in a different study, showed that lipophilic extracts were richer in tannins (mainly ellagic acid derivatives). In this study, the lipophilic fraction could also provide the antioxidant activity of other compounds, such as myristic acid for Passiflora [ 16 ] or β-carotene for Physalis [ 29 ] and Solanum [ 68 ].…”

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bixa orellana and Its Component Ellagic Acid Exert Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties against Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense

“…Sridevi et al [ 43 ] reported that ElAc from pomegranate peels inhibited M. tuberculosis with an MIC of 0.3–3.5 mg/mL. Salih et al [ 44 ] reported that ElAc from Combretum hartmannianum exerts antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC 500–1000 μg/mL) and in another study, the same group [ 45 ] reported that ElAc from Anogeissus leiocarpa exhibited growth inhibitory activity against M. smegmatis with an MIC value of 500 µg/mL. However, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report the biological activity of ElAc from B. orellana leaves against Mabs .…”

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Effects of &lt;i&gt;Anogeissus leiocarpus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Adansonia digitata&lt;/i&gt; on Two Life-cycle Stages of &lt;i&gt;Haemonchus contortus&lt;/i&gt;, a Gastrointestinal Parasite of Small Ruminants

“…In West Africa, Anogeissus leiocarpa leaves are used against zoonotic diseases in traditional medicine [19]. A. leiocarpa exhibits growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis [20]. Previous studies have focused on investigating the nutritional and microbial properties of A. digitata and A. leiocarpus.…”