Potential and Most Promising Second-Life Applications for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects

Michelini, Emanuele; Höschele, Patrick; Ratz, Florian; Stadlbauer, Michael; Rom, Werner; Ellersdorfer, Christian; Moser, Jörg

doi:10.3390/en16062830

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Many studies present several practical applications of SLB in various fields like load leveling, renewable firming, backup systems, etc. [104] concluded that the best possible application for SLB at present is in the renewable firming field in the grid application and the automated guided vehicles in the mobility application.…”

Section: Market Opportunities Of Slbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

John,

Kudva,

Jayalakshmi

2024

IEEE Access

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have created a revolution in sustainable transportation. The number of EV users has increased significantly within a short period globally. EVs running largely on the battery source require large-capacity battery packs to handle the range anxiety. The primary lifetime of such batteries in EV applications is said to end when their capacity drops to 80% of their initial capacity. This is termed as the end of-life of these batteries. These batteries can still be utilized for secondary applications based on their remaining capacity. Batteries undergo many degradations throughout their lifecycle which affects their capacity. This paper carries out a detailed study on the major degradation factors like solid electrolyte interphase and lithium plating which results in loss of lithium inventory. These affect the capacity of the battery in the long run. Remaining useful capacity must be accurately estimated to identify if the cells are useful for the next phase or must be recycled. Many estimation techniques are available with attention rising towards data derivational methods due to their accuracy and their sensitivity towards battery degradation which thereby makes it easy to track them. Incremental capacity analysis is one such method which is discussed in detail in this paper. The method starts from the initial stage of data extraction and extends to the training set of the models. This method is greatly beneficial as it can reveal the deviations in battery behavior with the help of the valley peak locations and alterations in the slope. The quantitative insights make it an advantageous technique in the field of battery health monitoring and diagnostics. These are discussed in detail and validated by experimental analysis and results. This paper also discusses the market prospects, developments, various ageing mechanisms in batteries, applications, comparison with other estimation techniques and challenges related to secondary life applications. The complete analysis of the estimation method along with the detailed steps also aims to serve as a foundation for the upcoming developments and research in this field.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicle, incremental capacity analysis, second life of EV battery, state of health estimation.

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Section: Market Opportunities Of Slbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

John,

Kudva,

Jayalakshmi

2024

IEEE Access

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“…Boat [76] Electric golf cart and motorcycle [77] Heavy duty [78] Mobile charging station [79] Compared to stationary ones, a limited number of articles have presented performance requirements for mobile uses [48,80]. To fill this gap in the literature, the requirements for certain uses were estimated on the basis of usage profiles shared in the literature [81].…”

Section: Mobile Application Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scientific literature on the battery passport and the assessment of its suitability for a second life in a particular application is sparse. Montes et al [47] and Michelini et al [48] have proposed lists of information that could be useful in making a decision on the suitability of a battery for a particular application, without however describing methods for obtaining this information. Beckers et al presented an algorithm for determining the efficiency of an end-of-life automotive battery [39].…”

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confidence: 99%

Battery Passports for Second-Life Batteries: An Experimental Assessment of Suitability for Mobile Applications

Hassini,

Redondo-Iglesias,

Venet

2024

Batteries

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End-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be reused to reduce their environmental impact and economic costs. However, the growth of the second-life market is limited by the lack of information on the characteristics and performance of these batteries. As the volume of end-of-life EVs may exceed the amount of batteries needed for stationary applications, investigating the possibility of repurposing them in mobile applications is also necessary. This article presents an experimental test that can be used to collect the data necessary to fill a battery passport. The proposed procedure can facilitate the decision-making process regarding the suitability of a battery for reuse at the end of its first life. Once the battery passport has been completed, the performance and characteristics of the battery are compared with the requirements of several mobile applications. Mobile charging stations and forklift trucks were identified as relevant applications for the reuse of high-capacity prismatic cells. Finally, a definition of the state of health (SoH) is proposed to track the suitability of the battery during use in the second-life application considering not only the energy but also the power and efficiency of the battery. This SoH shows that even taking into account accelerated ageing data, a repurposed battery can have an extended life of 11 years at 25 °C. It has also been shown that energy fade is the most limiting performance factor for the lifetime and that cell-to-cell variation should be tracked as it has been shown to have a significant impact on the battery life.

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“…The other option is a second application in SLB [10,11]. An SLB can be applied to semior entirely stationary systems to store energy from solar and wind-solar farms [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides that, SLBs can supply power for low-speed vehicles such as golf carts, trucks, lifts, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), or others [10,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random Forest-Based Grouping for Accurate SOH Estimation in Second-Life Batteries

Gotz,

Galvão,

Corrêa

et al. 2024

Vehicles

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Retired batteries pose a significant current and future challenge for electric mobility due to their high cost and the need for a state of health (SOH) above 80% to supply energy efficiently. Recycling and alternative applications are the primary options for these batteries, with recycling still undergoing research as regards more efficient and cost-effective techniques. While advancements have been made, researchers are actively seeking improved methods. Repurposing retired batteries for lower-performance applications like stationary systems or low-speed vehicles is recommended. Second-life batteries (SLB) can be directly reused or reconstructed, with the latter involving the disassembly, measurement, and separation of cells based on their characteristics. The traditional measurement process, involving full charge and discharge cycles, is time-consuming. To address this, a Machine Learning (ML)-based SOH estimator is introduced in this work, offering the instant measurement and estimation of battery health without complete discharge. The results indicate that the model can accurately identify SOH within a nominal capacity range of 1400–2300 mAh, with a resolution near 45.70 mAh, in under five minutes of discharging. This innovative technique could be instrumental in selecting and assembling SLB packs.

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Potential and Most Promising Second-Life Applications for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects

Cited by 18 publications

References 100 publications

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

Battery Passports for Second-Life Batteries: An Experimental Assessment of Suitability for Mobile Applications

Random Forest-Based Grouping for Accurate SOH Estimation in Second-Life Batteries

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