Potassium Iodide–Tetraethylene Glycol Complex as a Practical Catalyst for CO₂ Fixation Reactions with Epoxides under Mild Conditions

Abstract

A practical and efficient method for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 under mild reaction conditions was achieved via the use of a potassium iodide (KI)–tetraethylene glycol complex as a readily available and economical catalyst. The effects of glycols and alkali metal salts were investigated in the present work to clarify the importance of both KI and tetraethylene glycol. Scalability and reusability of this catalytic system were also demonstrated.

Efficient Solvent‐Free Carbon Dioxide Fixation Reactions with Epoxides Under Mild Conditions by Mixed‐Ligand Zinc(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks

“…However, limitations of product separation and catalyst recycling are of real concern in the homogeneous catalytic reaction. These limitations have been tackled to a great extent by the utilization of heterogeneous catalysts that include metal oxides, coordination complexes, zeolites, and functional polymers, which display a low activity under ambient conditions or leaching …”

Cationic Polymers Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Groups-Catalyzed CO2 Fixation with Epoxides

“…One transformation that has attracted considerable attention over the last years is the incorporation of CO 2 into epoxides to access cyclic carbonates (for selected rather recent reports with different catalyst systems please see Ref. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]). This transformation is not only interesting because of the importance of the hereby obtained dioxolanes [41,42], but it also provides a powerful approach for the utilization of CO 2 as a simple one carbon-source for organic transformations [43,44].…”

Poly(ethylene glycol)s as Ligands in Calcium‐Catalyzed Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis

“…[10] Thel atest developments and obstacles in the synthesis and use of cyclic carbonates have recently been highlighted in severalexcellent reviews. [21] In ageneral approach to identify potential catalytic systems we combined variousa lkaline-and alkaline-earth-metal salts with PEG 400 (M n % 400 gmol À1 )t oc onvert 1,2-butylene epoxide( 1a)i nto the corresponding carbonate 2a (Figure 1). [5] These systemsa re usually based on metal complexes, [11] metal-organic frameworks, [12] transition-metal chlorides, [13] and organocatalysts [14] normally used in combination with onium salt co-catalysts.…”

“…[5] These systemsa re usually based on metal complexes, [11] metal-organic frameworks, [12] transition-metal chlorides, [13] and organocatalysts [14] normally used in combination with onium salt co-catalysts. [21] In ageneral approach to identify potential catalytic systems we combined variousa lkaline-and alkaline-earth-metal salts with PEG 400 (M n % 400 gmol À1 )t oc onvert 1,2-butylene epoxide( 1a)i nto the corresponding carbonate 2a (Figure 1). [5b, 11d, 15] We recently focusedo nt he design of new catalytic protocols based on organo- [15b, 16] and sustainable metal catalysts [17] for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO 2 .H erein we evaluate the potential of poly(ethyleneg lycol) (PEG) ligands for alkaline-a nd alkalineearth-metal salts as catalysts in this reaction.…”

“…[18] PEGs were described as simple phase-transfer catalysts in cyclic carbonate synthesis. [21] In ageneral approach to identify potential catalytic systems we combined variousa lkaline-and alkaline-earth-metal salts with PEG 400 (M n % 400 gmol À1 )t oc onvert 1,2-butylene epoxide( 1a)i nto the corresponding carbonate 2a (Figure 1). [20] The benefits of PEG-functionalized materials as supportingl igands for Al complexes in cyclic-carbonate synthesis has recently been reported by Ji and co-workers.…”