Postmetamorphic growth, survival, and age at first reproduction of the salamander, <i>hynobius nebulosus tokyoensis</i> Tago in relation to a consideration on the optimal timing of first reproduction

Kusano, Tamotsu

doi:10.1007/bf02515580

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Females that mature too late may not survive to reproduce (Kusano, 1982). For many fish species, as also shown in the present study, clutch size is positively correlated with body size of females (Reznick & Miles, 1989;Brown-Peterson & Peterson, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Reproductive Cycle of a Population of the Guaru, Phallocerus caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), in Southeastern Brazil

Machado¹,

Giaretta²,

Facure³

2002

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment

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The reproductive cycle, size/fecundity relationships and seasonality in the reproduction of the poeciliid Phallocerus caudimaculatus were studied in Southeastern Brazil. There was a positive correlation between the monthly proportion of females with offspring and the day length and between female's size and offspring number. The reproductive period starts in November, when most of the females carry embryos. From January to March a decrease was observed in the number of females carrying eggs and an increase in the number of the non-reproductive females. Greater microhabitat availability, food supply and warmer temperatures may provide optimal conditions for growth of juvenile P. caudimaculatus in the wet-warm season.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Reproductive Cycle of a Population of the Guaru, Phallocerus caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), in Southeastern Brazil

Machado¹,

Giaretta²,

Facure³

2002

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment

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“…(see table 6), and may be related to the close association between life history traits and body size in many ectotherms (Kusano, 1982;Peters, 1983;Roff, 1981Roff, , 1984Roff, , 1986a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this assumption must be viewed cautiously as fecundity and development time in ectotherms are tightly correlated with body size, a morphological trait (Kusano, 1982;Peters, 1983;Roff, 1981Roff, , 1984Roff, , 1986a. For this reason we do not make any predictions concerning the ranking of heritabilities of morphology, behaviour, and physiology, but rather, use the data to discern whatever pattern might exist.…”

Section: Heritability and Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is apparent that there exist developmental constraints related to evolutionary history that may have led to differences between taxonomic groups with respect to the additive genetic variance of various characters. For example, it is well established that fecundity and body size are positively correlated in many ectothermic species (e.g., fish, spiders, salamanders, aquatic ectotherms), and that this correlation is insignificant or negative for birds and mammals (Kusano, 1982;Peters, 1983, p. 279;RofT, 1981RofT, , 1984RofT, , 1986a. This would suggest that morphological traits related to body size will possess lower heritabilities in ectothermic organisms than in endotherms.…”

Section: Heritability and Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is more difficult to predict a priori the relationship between fitness and behavioural and physiological traits. Falconer's compilation (1981, 037 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag and Grant, 1978 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 Boag, 1983 HERITABILITY OF FITNESS COMPONENTS efficiency and mating propensity are more closely connected to fitness than morphological traits.However, this assumption must be viewed cautiously as fecundity and development time in ectotherms are tightly correlated with body size, a morphological trait (Kusano, 1982;Peters, 1983;Roff, 1981Roff, , 1984Roff, , 1986a. For this reason we do not make any predictions concerning the ranking of heritabilities of morphology, behaviour, and physiology, but rather, use the data to discern whatever pattern might exist.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components

1987

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The hypothesis that traits closely associated with fitness will generally possess lower heritabilities than traits more loosely connected with fitness is tested using 1120 narrow sense heritability estimates for wild, outbred animal populations, collected from the published record. Our results indicate that life history traits generally possess lower heritabilities than morphological traits, and that the means, medians, and cumulative frequency distributions of behavioural and physiological traits are intermediate between life history and morphological traits. These findings are consistent with popular interpretations of Fisher's (1930Fisher's ( , 1958 Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, and Falconer (1960, 1981), but also indicate that high heritabilities are maintained within natural populations even for traits believed to he under strong selection. It is also found that the heritability of morphological traits is significantly lower for ectotherms than it is for endotherms which may in part be a result of the strong correlation between life history and body size for many ectotherms. INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental theorem of natural selection states: "The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time" (Fisher, 1930). Fisher's theorem is axiomatic to much of current evolutionary research. It has been variously interpreted but is generally construed to imply that traits that have been closely and consistently associated with fitness will exhibit low additive genetic variances as a result of natural selection (e.g., Hegmann and Dingle, 1982; Lynch and Sulzbach, 1984; Riddel et cii., 1981). However, the validity of the fundamental theorem is dependent upon many assumptions that may not usually be met by natural populations (e.g., population equilibrium, weak selection, constancy of genotypic fitnesses over time, and independence of genotypic frequencies) (Charlesworth, 1987). The maintenance of low additive genetic variance has also been inferred to imply low heritability (in the narrow sense); "On the whole, characters with the lowest heritabilities are those most closely connected with fitness, while characters with the highest heritabilities are those that might be judged on biological grounds to be the least important as determinants of natural selection." (Falconer, 1960(Falconer, , 1981.) The most extensive compilation of data in support of this view is that presented in table 10.1 of Falconer (1981). However, these data are rather few and derived primarily from domestic animals, which may be partly inbred. Extension to wild, outbred organisms may be erroneous.It is possible that some significant amount of additive genetic variance can be maintained within natural populations, even for characters tightly connected to fitness; possible mechanisms include mutation (Lande, 1976; Turelli, 1984), heterozygote advantage (Falconer, 1981), frequency dependence (Bulmer, 1980), fluctuating environments (Ewing, 1979) and migration (Felsenstein, 197...

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Estimating asymptotic size using the largest individuals per sample

Stamps

Andrews

1992

Oecologia

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Estimates of asymptotic size are especially useful for comparative studies of taxonomic groups in which animals mature at small sizes relative to their final asymptotic sizes. The largest individuals per sample can provide reasonable estimates of asymptotic size if three conditions are met: 1) at least some adults in a population are near their final asymptotic size, 2) samples of a reasonable size are likely to contain a 'largest individual' that is near the average asymptotic size for the members of its sex, and 3) the coefficient of variation in asymptotic size is small for the members of each sex. In the current study, we show that all three of these conditions are met for one species of Anolis lizards (A. limifrons). For a series of samples from the genus Anolis, the largest individual per sample produces estimates of asymptotic size that are virtually identical to those produced by fitting field data on growth rates to nonlinear growth equations. These results suggest that the largest individual method can provide reasonable estimates of asymptotic size for the members of this genus, and imply that this method may also be useful for estimating asymptotic sizes in other taxa that satisfy the criteria listed above.

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Postmetamorphic growth, survival, and age at first reproduction of the salamander, hynobius nebulosus tokyoensis Tago in relation to a consideration on the optimal timing of first reproduction

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Reproductive Cycle of a Population of the Guaru, Phallocerus caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), in Southeastern Brazil

Reproductive Cycle of a Population of the Guaru, Phallocerus caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), in Southeastern Brazil

Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components

Estimating asymptotic size using the largest individuals per sample

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