Postmenopausal breast cancer: European challenge and innovative concepts

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) epidemic is recognised now worldwide as the reality of the early twenty-first century. Increasing trends in the postmenopausal BC prevalence, even for the European countries earlier demonstrating relatively stable incidence rates of the disease, are highly alarming for the healthcare givers. This new actuality requires a substantial revision of the paradigm currently applied to the BC management and creation of highly innovative concepts. Current multi-centred study highlights new complex mechanisms of the development and progression of the postmenopausal BC. Innovative concepts are presented which argue for more effective predictive and preventive approaches well justified in view of the clusters of the symptoms analysed here and demonstrated as highly prevalent in the postmenopausal breast cancer versus BC-free individuals. Another conceptual novelty presented here is a new interpretation of the BSeed and Soilt heory of metastasis in BC. According to the new concept, the Bpre-metastatic niches^(BSoil^) are created by a systemic hypoxia a long time before the breast malignancy is clinically manifested.

Fluctuations of Histone Chemical Modifications in Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer: An Implication of Phytochemicals as Defenders of Chromatin Equilibrium

“…As mentioned, epigenetic heterogeneity in cells is significantly related to the clinical outcome of cancer patients and cancer risk individuals [178]. Multiomic cancer diagnostics, including analyses of epigenetic fluctuations, progressive screening programs, and individualized patient profiling and stratification, are demands important for clinical practice that allow and facilitate personalized predictive and preventive clinical advancements in individuals [179][180][181]. The appropriateness of specific phytochemicals/whole plant substances as an "epi-drugs" against cancer is already experimentally well-established and has considerable potential to commence a new area of individualized approaches in the medical practice management and oncological research [182].…”

Vaginal dryness: individualised patient profiles, risks and mitigating measures

“…The FS questionnaire (see Table 2) applied to the actual study has been developed at the University Ophthalmologic Hospital Basel, Switzerland [13]. The actual version of the FSquestionnaire has been recently applied to analyse the FS symptoms in related health conditions such as Bdry mouth [ 14], Sicca and Sjögren syndromes [6], as well as gynaecological diseases such as several subtypes of breast cancer and metastatic disease [15][16][17].…”

Inappropriate modeling of chronic and complex disorders: How to reconsider the approach in the context of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine, and translational medicine

“…There is a difference between "silent" carriers of tumor lesions and patients who are predisposed to disease development and progression; a "fertile" microenvironment that supports the tumorigenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis can distinguish between them. The mechanisms "fertilizing" the microenvironment for the cancer advancement are not addressed in animal models but it is very well addressed by innovative PPPM strategies in cancer [1,37,38].…”

“…As another example, it has been repeatedly shown that premenopausal women with breast cancer have a higher risk for brain metastasis development. Thus, the premenopausal status at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is considered as an additional risk factor for the brain metastatic lesions which were not reflected in animal models of breast cancer [32,38]. It is time to ask how could we rely on the results of animal experiments with such significant inter-and intra-species discrepancies.…”