Post-Translational Modification and Secretion of Azelaic Acid Induced 1 (AZI1), a Hybrid Proline-Rich Protein from Arabidopsis

Pitzschke, Andrea; Xue, Hui; Persak, Helene; Datta, Sneha; Seifert, Georg

doi:10.3390/ijms17010085

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The bacterial peptide flg22 or the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) induce a similar systemic decrease in stomatal density (Dutton et al, 2019). This developmental process can be regulated by AZELAIC ACID INDUCED 1 (AZI1), which is involved in the priming of SA induction and systemic immunity triggered by pathogen or azelaic acid (Pitzschke et al, 2016). KTI1 encodes an Arabidopsis serine protease (Kunitz trypsin) inhibitor and plays important roles in modulating PCD in plant-pathogen interactions (Li et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Dynamic Molecular Profiles of Stomatal Lineage Cell Development by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Liu

Zhou

Guo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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30The regulation of stomatal lineage cell development has been extensively investigated. 31 However a comprehensive characterization of this biological process based on 32 single-cell transcriptome analysis has not yet been reported. Here, we performed 33 RNA-seq on over 12,844 individual cells from the cotyledons of five-day-old 34 Arabidopsis seedlings. We identified 11 cell clusters corresponding mostly to cells at 35 specific stomatal developmental stages with a series of new marker genes. 36 Comparative analysis of genes with the highest variable expression in these cell 37 clusters revealed three transcriptional networks that regulate the development of 38 mesophyll and guard cells, as well as the differentiation from protodermal to guard 39 mother cells. We investigated the developmental dynamics of marker genes via 40 pseudo-time analysis which revealed potential interactions between them. The 41 identification of several novel marker genes suggests new regulatory mechanisms 42 during development of stomatal cell lineage. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 3 / 37 53 54 55 75 MacAlister et al., 2007; Pillitteri et al., 2007). To specify each cell state differentiation, 76 SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA form heterodimers with two paralogous bHLH-leucine 77 zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factors, SCREAM (SCRM) and SCRM2 (Kanaoka et 78 al., 2008). In addition, two partially redundant R2R3 MYB transcription factors, 79 FOUR LIPS (FLP) and MYB88, control stomatal terminal differentiation 80 independently of FAMA (GMC to GCs) (Lai et al., 2005; Ohashi-Ito and Bergmann, 81 2006). Two secreted cysteine-rich peptides, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 82 4 / 37 (EPF1) and EPF2, are expressed at later and earlier stages of stomatal development, 83 respectively. These peptides are perceived by the cell-surface receptors, ERECTA 84 (ER)-family leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs), ER-LIKE1 (ERL1) and 85 ERL2, resulting in inhibition of stomatal development (Shpak et al., 2005; Hara et al., 86 2007; Hunt and Gray, 2009b; Lee et al., 2012). The receptor-like protein TOO 87 MANY MOUTHS (TMM) modulates the signaling strength of ER-family receptor 88kinases in a domain-specific manner (Nadeau and Sack, 2002; Lee et al., 2012). 89 Genetic evidence suggests that these signals are mediated via a mitogen-activated 90 protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, which eventually downregulates the transcription 91 factors responsible for initiating stomatal lineage via direct phosphorylation 92 (Bergmann et al., 2004; Lampard et al., 2008; Lampard et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2012). 93 Stomagen (also known as EPF-LIKE9) peptide promotes stomatal development by 94 competing with EPF2 for binding to ER (Sugano et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014; 95 Hronkova et al., 2015). One homeodomain-leucine zipper IV (HD-ZIP IV) protein, 96 HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2), acts as a key epidermal component 97 promoting stomatal differentiation (Peterson et al., 2013). It is highly expressed in 98 meristemoids, and a hdg2 mutant exhibits delayed meristemoid-to-GM...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Dynamic Molecular Profiles of Stomatal Lineage Cell Development by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Liu

Zhou

Guo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Because the AzA precursor 9‐oxo nonanic acid is also a potential systemic signal (Wittek et al, ), it is possible that AZI1 mediates the transport of nonanic acid or a similar systemic lipid signalling molecule. AZI has also been described as a hybrid proline rich protein (Pitzschke, Xue, Persak, Datta, & Seifert, ), but the functional significance of this is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial infection systemically suppresses stomatal density

Dutton

Hõrak

Hepworth

et al. 2019

Plant Cell & Environment

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Many plant pathogens gain entry to their host via stomata. On sensing attack, plants close these pores to restrict pathogen entry. Here, we show that plants exhibit a second longer term stomatal response to pathogens. Following infection, the subsequent development of leaves is altered via a systemic signal. This reduces the density of stomata formed, thus providing fewer entry points for pathogens on new leaves. Arabidopsis thaliana leaves produced after infection by a bacterial pathogen that infects through the stomata (Pseudomonas syringae) developed larger epidermal pavement cells and stomata and consequently had up to 20% reductions in stomatal density. The bacterial peptide flg22 or the phytohormone salicylic acid induced similar systemic reductions in stomatal density suggesting that they might mediate this effect. In addition, flagellin receptors, salicylic acid accumulation, and the lipid transfer protein AZI1 were all required for this developmental response. Furthermore, manipulation of stomatal density affected the level of bacterial colonization, and plants with reduced stomatal density showed slower disease progression. We propose that following infection, development of new leaves is altered by a signalling pathway with some commonalities to systemic acquired resistance. This acts to reduce the potential for future infection by providing fewer stomatal openings.

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“…Azelaic acid has been reported to have a biological role as mobile signal in plants that induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) upon P. syringae pathogen infection (Jung et al, 2009). Upon infection by P. syringae on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , the plant produces elevated levels of azelaic acid as detected in its vascular sap (Jung et al, 2009; Pitzschke et al, 2016). However, our report showing the production of azelaic acid by P. syringae pathovars is the first report on the possible production of azelaic acid production by prokaryotes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The spent culture supernatant ofPseudomonas syringaecontains azelaic acid

Javvadi

Cescutti

Rizzo

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (PSA) is an emerging kiwifruit bacterial pathogen which since 2008 has caused considerable losses. No quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule has yet been reported from PSA and the aim of this study was to identify possible intercellular signals produced by PSA. A metabolome analysis resulted in the identification of 83 putative compounds, one of them was the nine carbon saturated dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid which for several reasons was decided to further study. Firstly azelaic acid, which is a straight chained nine-carbon (C9) saturated dicarboxylic acid, has been reported in plants as mobile signal that primes systemic defenses. Secondly its structure, which is associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, is similar to other known bacterial QS signals like the Diffusible Signal Facor (DSF). Analytical and structural studies by NMR spectroscopy confirmed that in the PSA spent supernatant azelaic acid was present. Quantification studies further revealed that 20 µg/L of azelaic acid was present and was also found in spent supernatants of several other P. syringae pathovars. An RNAseq transcriptome study however did not reveal whether azelaic acid behaved as a QS molecule. This is the first report of the possible natural biosynthesis of azelaic acid by bacteria.

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Post-Translational Modification and Secretion of Azelaic Acid Induced 1 (AZI1), a Hybrid Proline-Rich Protein from Arabidopsis

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Global Dynamic Molecular Profiles of Stomatal Lineage Cell Development by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Global Dynamic Molecular Profiles of Stomatal Lineage Cell Development by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Bacterial infection systemically suppresses stomatal density

The spent culture supernatant ofPseudomonas syringaecontains azelaic acid

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