“…[31][32][33][34] Adsorption on metal surfaces has been extensively studied for its technological relevance in selective adsorption and gas sensing. 35,36 Perfect metallic transition surfaces have been wellresearched, 25,[37][38][39][40][41] but the role of defects (e.g., steps, 42,43 vacancies, 43 adatoms 44 ) in practical applications has been understudied despite their prevalence and superior adsorption compared to flat terraces. Defective surfaces can enhance the interaction of organic molecules, offering potential for efficient gas sensors and sorbent materials.…”