“…Caregivers also frequently change their facial movements and tone of voice to convey emotion. When caregivers address infants, they use exaggerated facial displays of emotion, sometimes called "emotionese" (Brand et al, 2002;Kosie & Lew-Williams, 2023;Wu et al, 2021), and a happy vocal tone (Fernald, 1992;Fernald et al, 1989;Kitamura & Burnham, 2003;Panneton et al, 2023;Singh et al, 2002;Trainor et al, 2000). Researchers are just beginning to characterize the kinds of emotion displays that infants observe in their natural environmentsfor instance, Ogren et al (2023) found that despite researchers' overwhelming focus on canonical facial displays (like furrowing brows for anger or pouting for sadness), infants rarely see facial configurations that match these patterns in real-world settings.…”