Portable rainfall simulator for plot-scale investigation of rainfall-runoff, and transport of sediment and pollutants

Boulangé, Julien; Malhat, Farag; Jaikaew, Piyanuch; Nanko, Kazuki; Watanabe, Hirozumi

doi:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.08.003

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Torri et al (1994) utilised a rain simulator with a rainfall intensity of 36 mm/h, and a raindrop kinetic energy of 550 J/m 2 /h. For simulated intensities of 30, 50 and 70 mm/h, Boulange et al (2019) achieved kinetic energy values of 257.7, 760.1, and 1645.2 J per m 2 /h, respectively. The values accounted for 78.0% and 86.5% of the energy of a natural occurring rain of 50 and 70 mm/h intensity, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The uniformity of the simulated rainfall is expressed via the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) (Christiansen 1942;Sangüesa et al 2010 1). The more uniform the rainfall, the closer the CU is to 100% (Abudi et al 2012;Boulange et al 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, rain simulators can be divided into two groups -field (portable) presented in the papers by Meyer and Harmon (1979), Torri et al (1994), Cerdà et al (1997), Johansen et al (2001), Holden and Burt (2002), Boix-Fayos et al (2006), Clarke and Walsh (2007), Abudi et al (2012), Parsakhoo et al (2012), Dong et al (2012), Wilson et al (2014), Cao et al (2015), Newesely et al (2015), Zemke (2016), Polyakov et al (2018), Vergni et al (2018), Boulange et al (2019), Kavian et al (2019), Zemke et al (2019) and laboratory (non-portable) simulators presented in the papers by Bryan (1974), Misra and Rose (1995), Zhang et al (2019b), Mhaske et al (2019), Kavian et al (2020), Qiu et al (2021). Apart from that, they can be classified based on the way the drops are formed, into gravitational and pressurised simulators.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion

Živanović¹,

Rončević²,

Spasić³

et al. 2022

Soil Water Res.

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Land degradation caused by erosion processes is a widespread global problem. Rain simulators are one of the tools often used to determine the resistance of soils to erosion processes. The aim of this publication is to present the process of the construction and calibration of a small, portable field simulator which would be implemented in research studies designed to determine the changes in the soils’ shear strength parameters in forested areas (in situ) caused by a change in soil moisture content achieved by the rain simulation. The constructed simulator consists of a metal frame, sprayers (with specific nozzles), a sediment funnel/tray made of metal, water and a sediment collector unit, a water tank and pump, and a set of rubber hoses, manometer, valves, reducers, adapters and other supplementary equipment. The calibration was carried out by using the pluviometric method. The choice of nozzles was based on the criteria of low water consumption (losses), the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and the possibility of achieving specific downpour intensities for the investigated area. The further calibration of the device consisted of determining the raindrop diameter and the distribution of the rainfall when the simulator is positioned on the slopes (7° and 15°). The achieved rain intensity was 1.7–1.9 mm/min, with a CU of 92.23–93.70% for the raindrop diameters (D<sub>50</sub>) equal to 1.2 mm. The kinetic energy of the simulated rain (Ke) was 2.82∙10<sup>–6</sup> J. The constructed simulator proved itself to be in accordance with all of the given criteria, and it can successfully be implemented in research studies aimed at determining the resistance of forest soils to erosion processes, infiltration, and sediment yield.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion

Živanović¹,

Rončević²,

Spasić³

et al. 2022

Soil Water Res.

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“…The results show that the portable rainfall simulator which was effectively used for providing runoff, infiltration and sediment generation and transport at a field and analyse the process that affects the surface characteristics such as slope soil properties etc. [9]. Rainfall regime, vegetation cover, soil type, slopes and land use are the most important factors influencing soil erosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Numerical Simulations of Sediment in Fusre River Basin, Nepal

K.C.

Baral

Mishra

et al. 2022

Himalayan J. Appl. Sci. Engin.

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This study presents about the analysis of sediment generation of the ungauged basin Fusre basin by modeling and also with the help of rainfall simulator. Many rivers in Nepal are either ungauged or poorly gauged due to extreme complex terrains, monsoon climate and lack of technical and financial supports. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied for watershed delineation of the Fusre basin and the basin delineated into seven sub-basin that generate the river network, which also provides the information like stream link, stream order, stream length, slope etc. The calibration was performed using data from 2003 to 2010 and validation for the period from 2011 to 2015 at a daily time step. The model performance was evaluated based on computed statistical parameters. For the calibration period of the discharge and sediment flow, the performance of the model was very good, with a coefficient of determination R2= 0.9528, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE = 0.942, RMSE = 0.24, and Percent Bias= 14.78, Similarly, the continuous model performance for the validation period was good, with R2 = 0.8655, NSE = 0.925, RMSE = 0.275 and Percent Bias = 18.03. Also a series of laboratory experiments was also carried out by changing the land use, soil parameter, and rainfall intensity by varying depth of soil sample and slope for comparative study with model but just for performance of apparatus. The performance of rainfall simulator was good. From the experimental method the calculation value of coefficient of determination R2 is equal to 0.67, NSE value is equal to 0.865 and PBIAS was equal to 30. The performance of both experimental and simulated data was satisfactory.

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“…Different methods have been used to estimate the sediment concentration of forest road ditches, including the use of sediment fence and ditch sampling under natural and simulated runoff using motor pump (Nearing et al 1991, Robichaud and Brown 2002, Hamed et al 2002. Considering the cost of measuring sediment yield under natural rainfall conditions and since it is not possible to control the performance of operation under natural rainfall in terms of time, the use of a runoff simulator pump is a suitable method estimate the sediment concentration of forest road ditches (Boulange et al 2019). Since 1965, several experiments have been performed to study the effect of runoff on soil erosion (Sheridan et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Soil Conservation Practices on Sediment Yield from Forest Road Ditches in Northern Iran

Khandouzi

Parsakhoo

Sheikh

et al. 2020

Croat. j. for. eng. (Online)

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The fine-textured soil in forest road ditches is very susceptible to water erosion especially in rainy seasons in Hyrcanian forest. This study examined the yield of ditch segment-scale sediment after releasing two flow rates of 5 l s-1 and 10 l s-1 in segments treated by riprap (RR), grass cover by Festuca arundinacea L. (GC), compacted cotton geotextile (CG) and wooden wattle by local slash (WW). Sediment sampling from the runoff was carried out at the end of each segment every minute. Runoff flow velocity in different treatments was measured using an electromagnetic flow meter. Sediment concentration and runoff velocity in treatments of RR, GC, CG, WW was significantly lower than that of the control plot (Ctl). Increasing flow rate from 5 l s-1 to 10 l s-1 caused no significant change in sediment concentration (except for Ctl and RR) and runoff velocity (except for Ctl and CG), which means that some water might have penetrated into treated soil by RR, GC and WW and this is not acceptable in forest road maintenance practices. Sediment yield from RR (0.36 g l-1) and Ctl (0.50 g l-1) under the flow rate of 10 l s-1 was significantly higher than that of 5 l s-1 with values of 0.21 g l-1 and 0.38 g l-1, respectively. Minimum amount of sediment concentration was observed for CG (0.20 g l-1) with compacted ditch bed. Moreover, runoff velocity in CG and Ctl under the flow rate of 10 l s-1 was significantly higher than that of 5 l s-1. For a forest road with dimension 30×50 cm, slope of 5%, and clay soil with porosity of 57%, treatments of compacted CG can be used in ditch with low flow rates (5 l s-1) and high flow rate (10 l s-1) because of their high efficiency in reducing sediment yield.

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Portable rainfall simulator for plot-scale investigation of rainfall-runoff, and transport of sediment and pollutants

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion

Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion

Experimental and Numerical Simulations of Sediment in Fusre River Basin, Nepal

Effects of Soil Conservation Practices on Sediment Yield from Forest Road Ditches in Northern Iran

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