Porous Polymers as Multifunctional Material Platforms toward Task‐Specific Applications

Abstract

have triggered serious threats to the survival and development of mankind. Consequently, exploring novel materials with task-specific applications is of fundamental importance for the sustainable development of economy and society. The burgeoning progress of nanomaterials in recent years has demonstrated that porosity is one of the essential factors in determining material properties for possible breakthroughs in their applications. Therefore, porous materials are playing important roles in many well-established applications and emerging technologies for challenging social and economic issues due to their intrinsic characteristics of large surface areas, open channels, and the possible control over the pore environment. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the pores of porous materials are classified into three categories by their pore sizes: micropores are smaller than 2 nm, mesopores are in the range of 2-50 nm, and macropores are larger than 50 nm. [1] Their pore walls include the organic skeleton (e.g., porous polymers, organic porous cages, and supramolecular organic frameworks), the inorganic skeleton (e.g., zeolites, porous carbons, and mesoporous silica), and the hybrid skeleton (e.g., metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)).Among the developed porous materials, porous polymers have attracted an increasing level of research interest owing to their potential to integrate the advantages of both porous materials and polymers. [2,3] Table 1 lists the characteristic structural features and properties of porous polymers, and gives a systematic comparison to other typical porous materials, such as zeolites, porous carbons, and MOFs. Porous polymers, zeolites, porous carbons, and MOFs share a number of features such as high permanent porosities, large surface areas, and designable pores and voids. However, they are different in several important aspects. The major advantages of porous polymers over many other porous materials are their chemical diversity and easy processability. Compared to zeolites and porous carbons, the synthesis of porous polymers is generally more versatile and can be approached in a way that conforms to the concept of rational materials design. Similar to MOFs, porous polymers inherit the excellent chemical and physical tunability afforded by the versatility of organic chemistry. Furthermore, Exploring advanced porous materials is of critical importance in the development of science and technology. Porous polymers, being famous for their all-organic components, tailored pore structures, and adjustable chemical components, have attracted an increasing level of research interest in a large number of applications, including gas adsorption/storage, separation, catalysis, environmental remediation, energy, optoelectronics, and health. Recent years have witnessed tremendous research breakthroughs in these fields thanks to the unique pore structures and versatile skeletons of porous polymers. Here, recent milestones in the diverse applications of porous polymers are presented, ...

Porous Macroligands: Materials for Heterogeneous Molecular Catalysis

“…Overcoming such stability issue, covalent organic frameworks (COF) and porous organic polymers (POP) are purely organic porous solids built up entirely on covalent bonds (typically C−C, C−N, C−O or B−O). The classical distinction between them lies in the way they are synthesized and hence in their resulting structural properties . Historically, COFs are built from partial reversible condensation reactions making them (semi)crystalline materials .…”

“…The classical distinction between them lies in the way they are synthesized and hence in their resulting structural properties. [13,14] Historically, COFs are built from partial reversible condensation reactions making them (semi)crystalline materials. [15] In turn, the networks in POPs stem from irreversible covalent bond formation reactions, e. g. carbon-carbon coupling reactions, yielding to amorphous solids with however well-defined building units at the molecular level.…”

Tailoring Covalent Organic Frameworks To Capture Water Contaminants

“…Ta king advantage of their chemical stabilitya nd tunability, POPs have been explored as adsorbents in environmental remediation applications. [85] Dichtel and co-workers reporteda n inexpensive and sustainable porous polymer based on crosslinked b-cyclodextrina sa ne fficient adsorbent for endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A, pharmaceuticals,a nd pesticides. [78] Ah ighera dsorption capacity was obtained as compared to non-porous materials and activated carbon,with recyclability up to five cycles.…”

General Interfacial Self‐Assembly Engineering for Patterning Two‐Dimensional Polymers with Cylindrical Mesopores on Graphene

“…[15][16][17][18] Coating electrochemically active moieties on 2D nanomateials to produce sandwich-like heterostructural nanohybrids has proven to be ap romising strategy for the prevention of the stacking and thus the improvement of their capacitive performance in supercapacitors. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Of particular importance is that the well-defined mesopores can always bring unprecedented and controllable properties. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Of particular importance is that the well-defined mesopores can always bring unprecedented and controllable properties.…”