Porosity detection in electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V using high-resolution neutron imaging and grating-based interferometry

Brooks, Adam; Ge, Jinghua; Kirka, Michael M.; Dehoff, Ryan R.; Bilheux, Hassina Z.; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Manke, Ingo; Butler, Leslie G.

doi:10.1007/s40964-017-0025-z

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Based on the SEM results, there is a porosity measuring approximately 17 μm. This may be because if there is any turbulence in the metal movement that allows air bubbles to be trapped in the metal, these bubbles will remain trapped when the metal solidifies (Tammas-Williams et al, 2016;Brooks et al, 2017;Cunningham et al, 2017a;Cunningham et al, 2017b). The values shown in the graph in Figure 4 are the conversion results from the gram to the weight percentage (wt %) for each filtered powder particle, the mesh sizes of which are #100, #200, and #325, which have also been converted into micrometers, namely 100180 μm, 50100 μm, and <50 μm, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Feed Metal Flow Rate on Low-cost Plasma Atomizer for Fabricating 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Dharmanto

Supriadi²,

Baskoro³

2019

IJTech

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The low-cost plasma atomizer in the present study successfully synthesized stainless steel spherical powder using an energy source of less than 3 kVA. Repeated testing was conducted to examine the resulting spherical powder, among other observations, using a digital microscope (Dino-Lite AM4115), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEI-Inspect F50), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). To ensure the purity of the resulting 316L stainless steel spherical powder, EDS was used for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. The results showed that the 316L stainless steel spherical powder particles varied in size from 26 µm to 180 µm with average particle diameters of approximately 82.6 µm, making them ideal for biomedical applications. The results of the feed metal flow rate on the powder weight percentages for particle sizes <50 µm for 2 mm 3 /s feed metal flow, 3 mm 3 /s feed metal flow, and 4 mm 3 /s feed metal flow were 26.04%, 28.04%, and 13.09%, respectively. It is possible that this could occur because greater metal flow rates require greater plasma energy to form liquid metal droplets, so that a lower metal flow rate at the same energy consumption makes it possible to produce more metal powder in smaller particles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Feed Metal Flow Rate on Low-cost Plasma Atomizer for Fabricating 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Dharmanto

Supriadi²,

Baskoro³

2019

IJTech

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“…In neutron imaging the detection of magnetic structures providing a signal due to splitting of the spin states of an unpolarized beam became most prominent [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. However, also the detection of regions with altered porosity or precipitations in particular in metallic samples has been demonstrated and applied [40,41] (Figure 4). However, all applications first remained to a high degree qualitative especially with respect to the analyses of small angle scattering in terms of structural characteristics.…”

Section: Modulated Beam Dark-field Contrast Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Angle Scattering in Neutron Imaging—A Review

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Conventional neutron imaging utilizes the beam attenuation caused by scattering and absorption through the materials constituting an object in order to investigate its macroscopic inner structure. Small angle scattering has basically no impact on such images under the geometrical conditions applied. Nevertheless, in recent years different experimental methods have been developed in neutron imaging, which enable to not only generate contrast based on neutrons scattered to very small angles, but to map and quantify small angle scattering with the spatial resolution of neutron imaging. This enables neutron imaging to access length scales which are not directly resolved in real space and to investigate bulk structures and processes spanning multiple length scales from centimeters to tens of nanometers.

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“…Neutron tomography provides a viable alternative to visualize the distribution of pores in additively manufactured samples [21]. Here, recent advances in the available instrumentation have been utilized [22,23] that allow resolution of features with dimensions of a few micrometers [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Spatial Distribution of Pores in an Additively Manufactured Gold Alloy Using Neutron Microtomography

et al. 2021

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A crucial criterion for the quality of the additively manufactured parts is the porosity content for achieving an acceptable final relative density. In addition, for jewelry applications, visible pores are unacceptable at or in the vicinity of the surface. In this study, non-destructive 3D neutron microtomography is applied to map the spatial distribution of pores in additively manufactured red-gold samples. The 3D imaging assessment underlines the high relative density of the printed red-gold sample and indicates residual pore sizes are predominantly below the limit of concern for jewelry applications. The 3D maps of pores within printed samples highlight the effect of the scanning strategy on the final quality and location of pores in the printed samples. These results confirm that neutron microtomography is a novel and precise tool to characterize residual porosity in additively manufactured gold alloys and other higher-Z materials where such investigation using other non-destructive methods (such as X-rays) is challenging due to the limited penetration depth.

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Porosity detection in electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V using high-resolution neutron imaging and grating-based interferometry

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

Effect of Feed Metal Flow Rate on Low-cost Plasma Atomizer for Fabricating 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Effect of Feed Metal Flow Rate on Low-cost Plasma Atomizer for Fabricating 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Small Angle Scattering in Neutron Imaging—A Review

Mapping Spatial Distribution of Pores in an Additively Manufactured Gold Alloy Using Neutron Microtomography

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