Population Genetic Structure of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Different Localities and Host Plants in Chile

Abstract

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a major pest introduced to almost all main pome fruit production regions worldwide. This species was detected in Chile during the last decade of the 19th century, and now has a widespread distribution in all major apple-growing regions. We performed an analysis of the genetic variability and structure of codling moth populations in Chile using five microsatellite markers. We sampled the codling moth along the main distribution area in Chile on all its main host-plant species. Low genetic differentiation among the population samples (FST = 0.03) was found, with only slight isolation by distance. According to a Bayesian assignment test (TESS), a group of localities in the coastal mountain range from the Bío-Bío Region formed a distinct genetic cluster. Our results also suggest that the codling moth that invaded the southernmost locality (Aysén Region) had two origins from central Chile and another unknown source. We did not find significant genetic differentiation between codling moth samples from different host-plant species. Our results indicate high genetic exchange among codling moth populations between the different Chilean regions and host plants.

Genetic structure of Cydiapomonella populations in Argentina and Chile implies isolating barriers exist between populations

“…PCR products were analysed on an ABI3730 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) automatic DNA sequencer using the software GENEMAPPER ® , version 4.1. as described by Basoalto et al. (2020).…”

“…The populations of C . pomonella from the main apple‐producing regions in Chile show a low genetic structure (Basoalto et al., 2020; Espinoza et al., 2007; Fuentes‐Contreras et al., 2008), with low but significant IBD and detectable levels of geographical clustering (Basoalto et al., 2020; Fuentes‐Contreras et al., 2008). However, information is not available about the genetic population structure of C .…”

“…Molecular markers have identified variable levels of genetic differentiation between populations of C . pomonella at the regional scale in several countries (Basoalto et al., 2020; Chen & Dorn, 2010; Cheney et al., 2008; Duan et al., 2016; Espinoza et al., 2007; Franck et al., 2007; Franck & Timm, 2010; Fuentes‐Contreras et al., 2008; Khaghaninia et al., 2011; Li et al., 2015; Margaritopoulos et al., 2012; Men et al., 2013; Pajač et al., 2011; Thaler et al., 2008; Timm et al., 2006; Zada et al., 2019). Low F ST values (Weir & Cockerham, 1984) and little or no isolation by distance (IBD) at the country level were observed in many studies, suggesting that long‐distance transportation of infested material can produce the passive dispersal of C .…”

“…Low F ST values (Weir & Cockerham, 1984) and little or no isolation by distance (IBD) at the country level were observed in many studies, suggesting that long‐distance transportation of infested material can produce the passive dispersal of C . pomonella and explain the relatively high gene flow detected between geographically distant locations in Europe and Chile (Basoalto et al., 2020; Franck et al., 2007; Franck & Timm, 2010; Fuentes‐Contreras et al., 2008; Margaritopoulos et al., 2012; Pajač et al., 2011). In contrast, higher F ST values or greater population differentiation was detected in countries with important topographic barriers, such as mountain ranges in northern Italy (Thaler et al., 2008), Switzerland (Chen & Dorn, 2010), Iran (Khaghaninia et al., 2011) and desert areas in northern China (Duan et al., 2016; Li et al., 2015; Men et al., 2013).…”

Rapid development of 56 novel microsatellite markers for the benthic freshwater bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis using Illumina paired-end sequencing data and M13-tailed primers

“…Given their codominant and neutral nature, biparental mode of inheritance, and high level of polymorphism, microsatellites have been widely used for determining the genetic divergence among populations, estimation of population structure, and genetic diversity in different insect species (e.g. [15]). Nevertheless, such nuclear markers have not been developed for A. aestivalis so far, and thus, the structure of its populations, as well as the genetic divergence among them, have not been determined.…”