Population dynamics of Macrophomina phaseolina in relation to disease management: A review

Abstract

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. causes seedling blight, charcoal rot, leaf blight, stem and pod rot on over 500 plant species in different parts of the world. The pathogen survives as sclerotia formed in host tissues which are released into the soil as tissue decay. Low soil moisture is considered the more important predisposing factor for M. phaseolina-induced diseases than high temperature. The intensity of the disease on a crop is related to the population of viable sclerotia in the soil and abiotic factors. The influence of various management strategies in reducing the number of viable propagules of the pathogen in the soil has been studied in order to minimize the impact of the disease. Any management approach that reduces inoculum density in the soil may reduce disease incidence on the host. However, to reduce inoculum density, quantitative determination of viable propagules from soil is necessary in order to understand the effect of management strategies on the population dynamics of this pathogen.Considerable work has been done on organic amendments, changing crop sequences with tolerant crops, fumigants, herbicides and tillage in managing M. phaseolina populations in the soil and the resulting disease. Solarization has been used in controlling M. phaseolina in different countries where this pathogen is causing disease on economically valuable crops. However, this method of soil disinfestation was effective in eliminating viable populations at the top soil layer although by combining other approaches its effectiveness was improved at lower soil depth. Use of biological control agents with or without organic amendments or after solarization has emerged to be a practical management approach in the control of M. phaseolina. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review those research findings where the influence of various management approaches on survival of M. phaseolina mainly sclerotia have been investigated.

Macrophomina phaseolina–host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean, and its mitigation strategies

“…As the disease advances, the pathogen enters a saprophytic phase in which breakdown of the host cells starts, which are later consumed/ingested by the pathogen itself (Gupta et al, 2012a) resulting in necrosis, which leads to typical black discolouration of the host roots (Figure 1c,d). The necrosis of the host tissues also causes fragility of the root tissues and inadequate nutrient and water uptake by the host, leading to arrested plant growth and yield reduction (Lodha & Mawar, 2020). In severely infected plants, the root vessels may be entirely blocked by penetrating hyphae, restricting nutrients and water uptake and finally resulting in the death of the plant (Figure 1a,b).…”

Cuantificación de inóculo de Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid en parcelas de soja del Departamento de Itapúa-Paraguay

“…phaseolina se encuentran en sistemas de rotación de cultivos en donde se cultiva soja y maíz con mayor frecuencia, mientras que, cuando se incluye algodón dentro del sistema, la densidad del patógeno es menor (Lodha & Mawar, 2020). Por otra parte, se ha observado que las raíces infectadas de soja que se quedan en el suelo, después de ser cosechada, pueden liberar microesclerocios viables al suelo por hasta 35 meses (Reis et al, 2011).…”

“…Esta supresión de inóculo está relacionada con la concentración y el tipo de isotiocianatos liberados por la canola, pero al mismo tiempo depende de la edad del tejido y el tipo de tejido (Kirkegaard et al, 1996). La rotación de cultivos ha sido propuesta como un método eficaz para reducir la incidencia de la pudrición carbonosa del tallo de la soja, aunque los otros cultivos de la rotación sean hospedadores de M. phaseolina (Lodha & Mawar, 2020). Los resultados de este trabajo de muestreo en parcelas productoras de soja proveen datos que permiten identificar zonas con elevadas poblaciones iniciales de M.…”

“…La incidencia de esta enfermedad en el cultivo de la soja es favorecida con temperaturas elevadas (28 a 35 °C), baja humedad del suelo y condiciones de estrés hídrico para la planta (Gupta et al, 2012). Las densidades de microesclerocios en el suelo están directamente relacionadas con la incidencia de la enfermedad en el campo (Lodha & Mawar, 2020). Los microesclerocios son la principal fuente de inóculo primario y juegan un papel importante en el ciclo de la enfermedad (Vale et al, 2001…”

Whole-genome optical mapping: Improving assembly of Macrophomina phaseolina MS6 through spanning of twelve blunt end chromosomes by obviating all errors and misassembles

“…Among different agents Macrophomina phaseolina MS6, an ascomycetous, necrotrophic, soil-borne fungi, can solely reduce its yield up to 30% (Islam et al, 2012). This pathogen has more than 500 hosts (Lodha and Mawar, 2019;Khan et al, 2017;Islam et al, 2012) including major crops like cotton (Aly et al, 2007), jute (Meena et al, 2015;De et al, 1992), groundnut (Islam et al, 2012), maize (Biemond et al, 2013), sorghum (Su et al, 2001), millet (Lodha and Mawar, 2019), potato (Abbas et al, 2013), sesame (Dinakaran and Mohammed, 2001), soybean (Wyllie, 1993), beans (Mayek-Pérez et al, 2001), sunflower (Khan, 2007), sweet potato (Da Silva and Clark, 2013), tomato (Hyder et al, 2018), and tobacco (Wyllie, 1998). It outbreaks as stem rot (Majumder et al, 2018), seedling blight (Lu et al, 2015), charcoal rot (Majumder et al, 2018), dry root rot (Živanov et al, 2019), wilt (Piperkova et al, 2016), leaf blight (Mahadevakumar and Janardhana, 2016), pre and postemergence damping-off (Hai et al, 2017), root and stem rot of softwood forest and fruit trees and also in weed species (Singh et al, 1990;McCain and Scharpf, 1989).…”