Polymer optical waveguide fabrication using laser ablation

Zakariyah, Shefiu S.; Conway, Paul; Hutt, David A.; Selviah, David R.; Wang, Kai; Baghsiahi, Hadi; Rygate, Jeremy; Calver, Jonathan; Kandulski, Witold

doi:10.1109/eptc.2009.5416408

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…1, which is similar to that previously detailed [25]. In brief, it consisted of cleaning (in water and alcohol, either methanol or iso-propanol) and drying the FR4 substrates to remove debris and contaminant.…”

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-criteria optimization in CO2 laser ablation of multimode polymer waveguides

Tamrin

Zakariyah

Sheikh

2015

Optics and Lasers in Engineering

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a b s t r a c tHigh interconnection density associated with current electronics products poses certain challenges in designing circuit boards. Methods, including laser-assisted microvia drilling and surface mount technologies for example, are being used to minimize the impacts of the problems. However, the bottleneck is significantly pronounced at bit data rates above 10 Gbit/s where losses, especially those due to crosstalk, become high. One solution is optical interconnections (OI) based on polymer waveguides. Laser ablation of the optical waveguides is viewed as a very compatible technique with ultraviolet laser sources, such as excimer and UV Nd:YAG lasers, being used due to their photochemical nature and minimal thermal effect when they interact with optical materials. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the application of grey relational analysis to determine the optimized processing parameters concerning fabrication of multimode optical polymer waveguides by using infra-red 10.6 mm CO 2 laser micromachining to etch acrylate-based photopolymer (Truemode ™ ). CO 2 laser micromachining offers a low cost and high speed fabrication route needed for high volume productions as the wavelength of CO 2 lasers can couple well with a variety of polymer substrates. Based on the highest grey relational grade, the optimized processing parameters are determined at laser power of 3 W and scanning speed of 100 mm/s.

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Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-criteria optimization in CO2 laser ablation of multimode polymer waveguides

Tamrin

Zakariyah

Sheikh

2015

Optics and Lasers in Engineering

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“…A single layer of waveguide fabrication is common as this is currently enough to provide the data rate requirements for OI, but a multilayer waveguide has also been demonstrated [Hendrickx, et al, 2007a[Hendrickx, et al, , 2007bMatsuoka, et al, 2010]. Multimode waveguides are also common; dimensions such as 20 µm × 20 µm, 30 µm × 30 µm, 35 µm × 35 µm, 45 µm × 45 µm, 50 µm × 50 µm, 50 µm × 20 µm, 70 µm × 70 µm, 75 µm × 75 µm, 85 µm × 100 µm have already been reported [Albrecht, et al, 2005;Bamiedakis, et al, 2007;Dangel, et al, 2004;Immonen, et al, 2005Immonen, et al, , 2007Liang, et al, 2008;Tooley, et al, 2001;Van Steenberge, et al, 2004;Zakariyah, 2009, Zakariyah, et al, 2011. Two or more adjacent waveguides with a pitch of 250 µm [Albrecht, et al, 2005;Horst, 2009;Hwang, et al, 2010;Kim, et al, 2007;Van Steenberge, et al, 2004] is preferred as it is the pitch used for Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) and photodector arrays, but other pitch sizes such as 80 µm [Dangel, et al, 2007], 100 µm [Dangel, et al, 2004] and 125 µm [Matsuoka, et al, 2010;Van Steenberge, et al, 2006] www.intechopen.com relatively short, loss due to multimode is acceptable and that alignment between various optical components would be relaxed.…”

Section: Deposition Of Optical Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Ablation for Polymer Waveguide Fabrication

Zakariyah¹

2012

Micromachining Techniques for Fabrication of Micro and Nano Structures

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“…Following the method used for CO 2 laser [10], P eging et al selected UV uences below the ablation threshold of PMMA. Another study conducted by Zakariyah et al [11] showed good surface characteristics of excimer laser compared to 355 nm UV Nd:YAG and 10.6 μm CO 2 lasers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e former reduces the thermal di usivity of the surface while the latter provides high-energy pulses. Furthermore high machining quality and ablation threshold are related to the pulse width duration of excimer laser [11]. Typical operating wavelengths of excimer lasers used for machining polymer materials especially for fabrication of optical waveguides are 193 nm (with ArF) and 248 nm (with KrF) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, main bottleneck for this technique is the construction of membership functions (MFs). While combining both fuzzy logic and ANN, adaptive network-based fuzzy system takes full advantage of both techniques and eliminates their individual shortcomings [11]. is approach known as adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) imitates human thinking process and constructs input-output maps on human knowledge as well as the data pairs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experiment and Prediction of Ablation Depth in Excimer Laser Micromachining of Optical Polymer Waveguides

Tamrin

Zakariyah

Hossain

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Extending the data transfer rates through dense interconnections at inter-and intraboard levels is a well-established technique especially in consumer electronics at the expense of more cross talk, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and power dissipation. Optical transmission using optical fibre is practically immune to the aforementioned factors. Among the manufacturing methods, UV laser ablation using an excimer laser has been repeatedly demonstrated as a suitable technique to fabricate multimode polymer waveguides. However, the main challenge is to precisely control and predict the topology of the waveguides without the need for extensive characterisation which is both time consuming and costly. In this paper, the authors present experimental results of investigation to relate the fluence, scanning speed, number of shots, and passes at varying pulse repetition rate with the depth of ablation of an acrylate-based photopolymer. e depth of ablation essentially affects total internal reflection and insertion loss, and these must be kept at minimum for a successful optical interconnection on printed circuit boards. e results are then used to predict depth of ablation for this material by means of adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modelling. e predicted results, with a correlation of 0.9993, show good agreement with the experimental values. is finding will be useful in better predictions along with resource optimisation and ultimately helps in reducing cost of polymer waveguide fabrication.

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Polymer optical waveguide fabrication using laser ablation

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Multi-criteria optimization in CO2 laser ablation of multimode polymer waveguides

Multi-criteria optimization in CO2 laser ablation of multimode polymer waveguides

Laser Ablation for Polymer Waveguide Fabrication

Experiment and Prediction of Ablation Depth in Excimer Laser Micromachining of Optical Polymer Waveguides

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