Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Surface Sediment from Sanmen Bay, East China Sea: Spatial Distribution and Congener Profile

Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lower Laurentian Great Lakes and Regional Perspectives

“…66 Other published studies have also identified 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ, or 36-CCZ as widespread in soils and sediments. 3,5,7,9,12,14,17,27,67 As a group, Σ 3 Cat-III counts for 45 and 64% of the Σ 26 PHCZs mass loads in Lakes Erie and Ontario, respectively, while in the upper lakes, it counts for less than 3%. 11 The medians of concentrations, inventory, and recent net flux of Σ 3 Cat-III in Lake Ontario are about 2−6 times those in Lake Michigan (Tables S4 and S5).…”

“…In Ponar grabs and the top core segments from Lake Ontario, concentration sums of UNC-3 and 36-BCZ count for 98 and 96%, respectively, of Σ 6 Cat-II, which also includes 136-BCZ, 1-B-36-CCZ, UNC-6, and UNC-10. In the literature, 36-BCZ has also been reported as dominant or frequently detectable PHCZ congener in sediments. − However, compared with those in Lake Michigan, inventories of Cat-II PHCZs are less in Lakes Ontario, and negligible in Lake Erie (Table S5). There is a lack of accumulation of Cat-II PHCZs in the sediment deposited before 1900 in Lake Ontario (Figure ), contrasting the situation in Lake Michigan …”

“…Since discoveries of significant quantities of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in sediments of Lake Michigan, , the occurrence of PHCZs in soils, − sediments, − water, , and biota − from various regions of the world has been reported. Recent studies on their sources, , transformation, − and toxicity − have also increased our understanding of the behavior of these compounds in the environment.…”

Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

“…However, due to the limitations of detection technology and development of standard materials, it was not until more than 20 years later that the research on PHCZs gradually increased. In recent years, a variety of PHCZs were successively detected in sediments from Lake Michigan [5], Ontario (Canada) [6,7], Great Lakes [8,9], Lippe river (Germany) [10], industrial coastal area of Kavala city (Greece) [11], the North Sea (Germany) [12], Lake Huron (USA) [13], San Francisco Bay (USA) [14], Lake Tai (China) [15], Jiulong River (Fujian, China) [16], Jiaozhou Bay wetland (Shandong, China) [17], northern South China Sea [18], East China Sea [19,20], as well as in soils from Bavarian (Germany) [21] and farmland between the village of Zhoucheng and Erhai Lake (southwest China) [22], Great Lakes Fish [23], San Francisco Bay top predators [14], Munich (Germany) dust and air [24], with concentrations from pg/g to ng/g, and up to several thousand ng/g dry weight. This suggests a broad distribution of PHCZs in the world.…”

“…Most of the analytical methods of PHCZs were developed from routine monitoring or nontargeted screening of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals [11,22]. Up to now, the most preferred detection techniques for PHCZs were based on GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode [4][5][8][9][10][11][13][14][15]17,[19][20][21]23,26]. Besides, two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) [6,7], high-resolution GC-MS (GC-HRMS) [26], GC-MS/MS [12,22,24,26], and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) [16,18] also have applications in PHCZs analysis.…”