Polycarboxylated Eggshell Membrane Scaffold as Template for Calcium Carbonate Mineralization

Abstract

Biomineralization is a process in which specialized cells secrete and deliver inorganic ions into confined spaces limited by organic matrices or scaffolds. Chicken eggshell is the fastest biomineralization system on earth, and therefore, it is a good experimental model for the study of biomineralization. Eggshell mineralization starts on specialized dispersed sites of the soft fibrillar eggshell membranes referred to as negatively charged keratan sulfate mammillae. However, the rest of the fibrillar eggshell membranes never mineralizes, although 21% of their amino acids are acidic. We hypothesized that, relative to the mammillae, the negatively charged amino acids of the fibrillar eggshell membranes are not competitive enough to promote calcite nucleation and growth. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally increased the number of negatively charged carboxylate groups on the eggshell membrane fibers and compared it with in vitro calcite deposition of isolated intact eggshell membranes. We conclude that the addition of poly-carboxylated groups onto eggshell membranes increases the number of surface nucleation sites but not the crystal size.

Avian Eggshell Membrane as a Novel Biomaterial: A Review

“…After treatment with sodium trimetaphosphate, phosphate groups were introduced onto the surface of type I collagen and strengthen the mineralization of ESM by forming calcium phosphate crystals [ 99 ]. In addition, it was shown that polycarboxylated ESM contained more surface nucleation sites for CaCO 3 mineralization [ 100 ].…”

Evaluation on antiosteoporosis of collagen peptides prepared by immobilized protease with eggshell membrane

“…Besides that, ESM-BAP and ESM were both network structures composed of highly crosslinked protein fibers and cavities, while the microstructure of ESM-BAP was more compact compared with that of ESM (Figure 2b) (Li, Lan, et al, 2008). This was because that ESM fiber was wrapped up by BAP molecule and then results in the decrease of 1515 cm −1 , and 1350-1310 cm −1 were described to the existence of C=O, N-H, and C-N separately (Arias et al, 2020;D'Souza et al, 2013), illustrating that typical protein structure existed in the ESM, BAP, and ESM-BAP. After immobilized BAP on ESM with genipin, the new peak appeared at 1725 cm −1 , which was caused by the incomplete crosslinking of -COOCH 3 at genipin molecule C11 position (Gnanasambandam & Proctor, 2000).…”

Potential of Eggshell Powders as a Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Therapy

“…Komponen utama dari kulit telur adalah CaCO3 dimana terdapat sebanyak 94%-97% kadar kalsium karbonat dalam kulit 1 butir telur, yang setara dengan 1,5 gram kalsium. 13,22,23 Selain itu terdapat juga fosfor dan magnesium, dan sejumlah kecil natrium, kalium, seng, mangan, besi, dan tembaga. 15,24,25 Kulit telur dapat berasal dari bermacam hewan seperti ayam dan bebek.…”

“…Berdasarkan sebuah penelitian mengenai kadar kalsium tepung kulit telur unggas yang dilakukan perendaman dengan berbagai pelarut, penggunaan CH3COOH sebagai pelarut menghasilkan tepung kulit telur yang baik dibandingkan dengan pelarut lain. 17,23,26,27 Review Article…”