Polyanionic Antimicrobial Membranes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract

Polycationic polymers have been widely used as antimicrobial materials because of their broad spectrum activity and potential use as new antibiotics. Herein, we report the synthesis of polyanionic antimicrobial membranes by in situ photo-cross-linking of a sulfate based anionic monomer, followed by cation-exchange with organic (quaternary ammonium or imidazolium) or metal (Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Na, K) cations. The resultant polyanionic membranes show high and broad spectrum antibacterial activities against both bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Candida albicans ). In addition, the polyanionic antimicrobial membranes efficiently inhibited the formation of biofilms by SC5314 and its crk1 gene deleted (Δcrk1) C. albicans strains. Furthermore, the synthesized polyanionic membranes exhibit good blood compatibility, low cytotoxicity and long-term antibacterial stability, demonstrating safe antimicrobial materials in the application of healthcare.

Multifunctional, Robust, and Porous PHBV—GO/MXene Composite Membranes with Good Hydrophilicity, Antibacterial Activity, and Platelet Adsorption Performance

“…These results confirmed that GO/MXene can greatly improve the tensile strength and elongation at break of PHBV. E. coli and S. aureus bacteria are generally used to detect antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria [4,75,77,78]. The antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria of the PHBV and PHBV-GO/MXene composite membranes was detected.…”

Polymerized ionic liquids‐based hydrogels with intrinsic antibacterial activity: Modern weapons against antibiotic‐resistant infections

“…Potassium (K + ) acts as counterion for the two tested anionic representatives poly(MAE‐SO 3 ) and poly(AE‐SO 3 ). Previous studies have shown that polyanionic membranes containing K + as a counterion showed no antibacterial activity 59 . In addition to the influence of the already described cationic component of the hydrogel and the permeability of the microbial membrane, the antibacterial activity also depends on the porosity of the hydrogel and the amphiphilicity of the polymer 5 .…”

“…Previous studies have shown that polyanionic membranes containing K + as a counterion showed no antibacterial activity. 59 In addition to the influence of the already described cationic component of the hydrogel and the permeability of the microbial membrane, the antibacterial activity also depends on the porosity of the hydrogel and the amphiphilicity of the polymer. 5 It appears that an interaction of all these components had a negative effect on the antibacterial activity.…”

Rapid and Repetitive Inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and Human Coronavirus on Self‐Disinfecting Anionic Polymers

“…Instead, Guo et al. [ 42 ] use such groups for metal‐cation binding purposes only. Early studies by Feltz and Regelson [ 43 ] confirm an interest in ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymers as antiviral materials, but their results involving the Echo 9 virus on just the copolymer indicate little, if any, antiviral activity.…”