?-Poly-l-lysine: microbial production, biodegradation and application potential

Yoshida, Toyokazu; Nagasawa, Tôru

doi:10.1007/s00253-003-1312-9

Cited by 337 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This outcome may correlate with the 100 fold decrease in antimicrobial activity that pεK, with <9 lysine residues, has when compared with longer chain residues. [ 33,34 ] There may not be enough of a difference in the number of free amino groups side-by-side within the polymer backbone to make a signifi cant difference to antimicrobial activity between the three cross-link densities. To test this hypothesis, pεK was added post-polymerization to the hydrogel as longer chains.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adhm201600258mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Peptide Hydrogel for an Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens

Gallagher

Alorabi

Wellings

et al. 2016

Adv Healthcare Materials

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A peptide hydrogel with an antimicrobial activity is developed as a bandage contact lens. The antimicrobial activity is enhanced with the addition of the biomolecules penicillin G or poly‐ε‐lysine and is positive against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The lens is also noncytotoxic toward a human corneal epithelial cell line and as a consequence is of great potential as a drug‐eluting bandage lens replacing conventional corneal ulcer treatment.

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Section: Doi: 101002/adhm201600258mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Peptide Hydrogel for an Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens

Gallagher

Alorabi

Wellings

et al. 2016

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…Biosynthesized ε-PL is a hydrophilic cationic linear homopoly-amino acid typically composed of 25 to 35 identical L-lysine residues with an isoelectric point around 9.0 and is described as having a peptide bond between carboxyl groups and ε-amino groups of L-lysine residues rather than the conventional peptide bonds linking ␣-poly-L-lysine (␣-PL) (8). ε-PL is produced by a membrane-bound ε-PL synthetase that has the characteristics of nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which does not bind the elongating ε-PL chain covalently during polymerization (9).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Epsilon-Poly- l -Lysine

Hyldgaard

Mygind

Vad

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

245

176

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Epsilon-poly-L-lysine (-PL) is a natural antimicrobial cationic peptide which is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) as a food preservative. Although its antimicrobial activity is well documented, its mechanism of action is only vaguely described. The aim of this study was to clarify -PL's mechanism of action using Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua as model organisms. We examined -PL's effect on cell morphology and membrane integrity and used an array of E. coli deletion mutants to study how specific outer membrane components affected the action of -PL. We furthermore studied its interaction with lipid bilayers using membrane models. In vitro cell studies indicated that divalent cations and the heptose I and II phosphate groups in the lipopolysaccharide layer of E. coli are critical for -PL's binding efficiency. -PL removed the lipopolysaccharide layer and affected cell morphology of E. coli, while L. innocua underwent minor morphological changes. Propidium iodide staining showed that -PL permeabilized the cytoplasmic membrane in both species, indicating the membrane as the site of attack. We compared the interaction with neutral or negatively charged membrane systems and showed that the interaction with -PL relied on negative charges on the membrane. Suspended membrane vesicles were disrupted by -PL, and a detergent-like disruption of E. coli membrane was confirmed by atomic force microscopy imaging of supported lipid bilayers. We hypothesize that -PL destabilizes membranes in a carpet-like mechanism by interacting with negatively charged phospholipid head groups, which displace divalent cations and enforce a negative curvature folding on membranes that leads to formation of vesicles/micelles.

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“…There are two classes of outer membrane permeabilizers: (i) polycationic agents, such as polymyxin and its derivatives, which interact with phospholipids in the cell membrane (163,164), or lysine polymers, which adsorb to the cell surface and block growth (164,165); and (ii) chelators, such as EDTA, which remove ions from the outer membrane, leading to its disintegration (163,164), or weak organic acids, which penetrate the cell wall and interfere with bacterial physiology (163,164). Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that the in vivo toxicity of the outer membrane permeabilizers might limit the applicability of this approach.…”

Section: Phage-derived Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically Engineered Phages: a Review of Advances over the Last Decade

Pires

Cleto

Sillankorva

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

327

275

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SUMMARYSoon after their discovery in the early 20th century, bacteriophages were recognized to have great potential as antimicrobial agents, a potential that has yet to be fully realized. The nascent field of phage therapy was adversely affected by inadequately controlled trials and the discovery of antibiotics. Although the study of phages as anti-infective agents slowed, phages played an important role in the development of molecular biology. In recent years, the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in the use of phages as antimicrobial agents. With the wide array of possibilities offered by genetic engineering, these bacterial viruses are being modified to precisely control and detect bacteria and to serve as new sources of antibacterials. In applications that go beyond their antimicrobial activity, phages are also being developed as vehicles for drug delivery and vaccines, as well as for the assembly of new materials. This review highlights advances in techniques used to engineer phages for all of these purposes and discusses existing challenges and opportunities for future work.

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?-Poly-l-lysine: microbial production, biodegradation and application potential

Cited by 337 publications

References 15 publications

A Novel Peptide Hydrogel for an Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens

A Novel Peptide Hydrogel for an Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens

The Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Epsilon-Poly- l -Lysine

Genetically Engineered Phages: a Review of Advances over the Last Decade

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