Pollen morphotypes from the intestine of a Permian booklouse

Minimal insect herbivory for the Lower Permian Coprolite Bone Bed site of north-central Texas, USA, and comparison to other Late Paleozoic floras

“…Most of these clades were associated with conifer floras (Shcherbakov, 2000). Additionally, the presumed ancestors of the Hemiptera, specifically certain lineages of the "Hypoperlida", consumed gymnosperm pollen rather than pteridophyte spores, revealed by the gut contents of fossils, and thus were associated with seed plants (Krassilov and Rasnitsyn, 1997;Krassilov et al, 1999;Afonin, 2000). However, these clades are not known to have been gall producing, and such an inference is impossible to make from external body structure alone.…”

Taphonomic Trends of Macrofloral Assemblages Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa

“…comm., 2004). The most common elements are Middle Permian saccate pollen grains assigned to Protohaploxypinus, Lunatisporites, Weylandites, and Acanthotriletes (Krassilov et al, 1999). But, what is significant is the presence of cf.…”

A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies

“…In return for pollination, plants provide a variety of nutritional and other rewards to pollinating animals, particularly pollen and nectar (1). Little is known about pollination mutualisms during the mid-Mesozoic (3, 4)—before the origin of flowering plants in the Early Cretaceous (5)—although evidence from the fossil record of insect mouthpart structure (6), gut contents (7), insect consumption of plant reproductive organs (8), and plant reproductive features (4, 9) indicates earlier consumption of pollen, nectar-like fluids, and other plant tissues (8). Here, we show that a major clade of extinct, siphon-bearing, fluid-feeding insects, early members of the order Mecoptera (scorpionflies), were likely feeding on gymnospermous ovulate secretions during the late Middle Jurassic to mid–Early Cretaceous.…”