Pollen assemblage and environmental DNA changes: A 4300-year-old bat guano deposit from Jamaica

A comprehensive procedure for pollen extraction from bat guano deposits in organic and detrital matrices

“…1 Locations of caves around the world where guano deposits have been studied. Red circle: our study site in Carajás, Brazil; Yellow circles: 1- Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA [5 , 6] ; 2- Eagle Creek Cave, Arizona, USA [7 , 8] ; 3- Tumbling Creek Cave, Missouri, USA [4] ; 4- Round Spring Cavern, Missouri, USA [9] ; 5- Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA [10] ; 6- Spring Cave, Alabama, USA [11] ; 7- Fern Cave, Alabama, USA [3] ; 8- Jackson Bay Cave Complex, Jamaica [12 , 13] ; 9- Schwallenburgh Cave, Jamaica [14] ; 10- Home Away from Home Cave, Jamaica [14] , [15] , [16] ; 11- Blanchard Cave, Eastern Caribbean [17] ; 12,13- Southeastern Spain [18 , 19] ; 14- Grotte XVI, France [20] ; 15- Măgurici Cave, Romania [21] , [22] , [23] ; 16- Ziditǎ Cave, Romania [24 , 25] ; 17- Gaura cu Muscǎ Cave, Romania [26 , 27] ; 18- Gura Ponicovei Cave, Romania [28] ; 19- Topolnița Cave, Romania [29] ; 20- Arnhem Cave, Namibia [30] ; 21- China [31] ; 22- Siju cave, India [32] ; 23- Eraaning Cave, India [33] ; 24- Batu Cave, Malaysia [34] ; 25- Niah Cave, Borneo [34] ; 26- Gangub Cave, Philippines [33] ; 27- Makangit Cave, Philippines [34 , 35] ; 28- Tabon Cave, Philippines [36] ; 29- Gomantong Cave, Indonesia [37] ; 30- Bau Cave, Indonesia [36] ; 31- New Zealand [38] ; 32- New Zealand [39] . …”