Polar Herbicides and Metabolites

Fobbe, Rita; Kuhlmann, Birgit; Nolte, Jürgen; Preuß, G.; Skark, Christian; Zullei-Seibert, N.

doi:10.1002/352760877x.ch6

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…These results are consistent with the current knowledge about the examined compounds. While dinitrophenols are well known as potent protonophoric uncouplers of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, the mode of action of the hydroxybenzonitrile halogeno-derivates appears more complex; these compounds are also reported to be uncouplers, but they exert most of their herbicidal action through the inhibition of electron transport in photosystem II (Fedtke and Duke 2005;Fobbe et al 2006;Casida 2009). However, photosynthetic pathways are not involved in seed germination and early seedling growth, which are heterotrophic processes that rely on respiratory metabolism.…”

Section: Phenolic Herbicide Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assay was then applied to determine the toxicity of different phenolic herbicides and to investigate their mechanism of action; the names and the molecular structures of the tested compounds are reported in Table 1. The dinitrophenols 2,4-DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol), DNOC (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol), and dinoterb (2-tert-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) are among the first organic chemicals patented for selective weed control and, thanks to their broad spectrum of activity, were widely used in the past as dye intermediates, wood preservatives, herbicides, insecticides, and sliming drugs (Kearney and Kaufman 1975;Gasiewicz 1991). They are typical contact herbicides, but their use in agriculture is now restricted or banned in many countries, mostly because of their persistence and of their high toxicity towards non-target organisms; however, their presence is still detected in the environment (Fobbe et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T h e b e n z o n i t r i l e s i o x y n i l ( 3 , 5 -d i i o d o , 4hydroxybenzonitrile), bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo,4hydroxybenzonitrile), and chloroxynil (3,5-dichloro,4hydroxybenzonitrile) are also long-known compounds with herbicidal activity (Wain 1963;Carpenter and Heywood 1963); bromoxymil and ioxynil are currently used worldwide as selective post-emergence agents to control broadleaf weeds in cereal crops (Gasiewicz 1991;Fobbe et al 2006). However, while plenty of studies on the ecotoxicological behavior of dinitrophenols can be found in the literature, information about benzonitriles is not so well documented, and few toxicity data are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of phenolic herbicide toxicity and mode of action by different assays

Bettiol

Vettori

Minervini

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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A phytotoxicity assay based on seed germination/root elongation has been optimized and used to evaluate the toxic effects of some phenolic herbicides. The method has been improved by investigating the influence of experimental conditions. Lepidium sativum was chosen as the most suitable species, showing high germinability, good repeatability of root length measurements, and low sensitivity to seed pretreatment. DMSO was the most appropriate solvent carrier for less water-soluble compounds. Three dinitrophenols and three hydroxybenzonitriles were tested: dinoterb, DNOC, 2,4-dinitrophenol, chloroxynil, bromoxynil, and ioxynil. Toxicity was also determined using the Vibrio fischeri Microtox® test, and a highly significant correlation was found between EC50 values obtained by the two assays. Dinoterb was the most toxic compound. The toxicity of hydroxybenzonitriles followed the order: ioxynil >bromoxynil >chloroxynil; L. sativum exhibited a slightly higher sensitivity than V. fischeri to these compounds. A QSAR analysis highlighted the importance of hydrophobic, electronic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions, in accordance with a mechanism of toxic action based on protonophoric uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The results suggest that the seed germination/root elongation assay with L. sativum is a valid tool for the assessment of xenobiotic toxicity and can be recommended as part of a test battery.

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Section: Phenolic Herbicide Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of phenolic herbicide toxicity and mode of action by different assays

Bettiol

Vettori

Minervini

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…It has become increasingly important to develop low-cost and highly efficient materials capable of removing this herbicide from water, because this is one of the main routes which exposes humans to paraquat. Most of the conventional removal methods are costly, less effective, and require specialized equipment or personnel (e.g., activated carbon, coagulation-flocculation, or membrane filtration) [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For this reason, several alternative methods have been explored for paraquat water remediation, including oxidation with Fenton’s reagent [ 16 , 17 ], photocatalysis [ 18 ], and adsorption [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Hybrid Nanosorbents for the Uptake of Paraquat from Water

et al. 2017

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Although paraquat has been banned in European countries, this herbicide is still used all over the world, thanks to its low-cost, high-efficiency, and fast action. Because paraquat is highly toxic to humans and animals, there is interest in mitigating the consequences of its use, namely by implementing removal procedures capable of curbing its environmental and health risks. This research describes new magnetic nanosorbents composed of magnetite cores functionalized with bio-hybrid siliceous shells, that can be used to uptake paraquat from water using magnetically-assisted procedures. The biopolymers κ-carrageenan and starch were introduced into the siliceous shells, resulting in two hybrid materials, Fe3O4@SiO2/SiCRG and Fe3O4@SiO2/SiStarch, respectively, that exhibit a distinct surface chemistry. The Fe3O4@SiO2/SiCRG biosorbents displayed a superior paraquat removal performance, with a good fitting to the Langmuir and Toth isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of paraquat for Fe3O4@SiO2/SiCRG biosorbents was 257 mg·g−1, which places this sorbent among the best systems for the removal of this herbicide from water. The interesting performance of the κ-carrageenan hybrid, along with its magnetic properties and good regeneration capacity, presents a very efficient way for the remediation of water contaminated with paraquat.

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“…1 Gasperi et al (2008). (The pesticide group also includes chlorpyrifos and chlorfenvinphos, which are organophosphate insceticides; whilst diuron, isoproturon, simazine and trifluralin are all herbicides and predominantly used for agricultural applications (EA 2008;Fobbe et al 2006)). However, it is important to note that not all compounds have the same toxicity levels, and the compounds with the highest concentration may not be the most toxic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Levels of Micropollutants in Municipal Wastewater

Rowsell

Tangney

Hunt

et al. 2009

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Exposure to micropollutants can pose a serious risk to both the environment and human health. Although sewage treatment works (STWs) aim to reduce levels of pollutants in municipal wastewater discharges, they have become a significant point source of dangerous substances to the aquatic environment. With increasing regulation on pollution prevention, it has become essential to assess STW source inputs in order to control pollutant discharge into the environment. This paper has therefore focussed on developing calculations to estimate micropollutant levels in STW influents. The analysis was carried out using information from published literature, the Water Industry, and monitored influent data. Results demonstrated that, where monitoring data were available for metals and organic pollutants, STW influent could be adequately estimated and validated, with accuracy between 77% and 100%. In addition, based on these calculations and using data for over 600 STWs in England, our analysis showed that compounds such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, lead and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate could reach influent levels that could be challenging for conventional wastewater treatment removal.

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Polar Herbicides and Metabolites

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Assessment of phenolic herbicide toxicity and mode of action by different assays

Assessment of phenolic herbicide toxicity and mode of action by different assays

Magnetic Hybrid Nanosorbents for the Uptake of Paraquat from Water

Estimating Levels of Micropollutants in Municipal Wastewater

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