“…Support for target offload can be found in commercial compilers from Intel, IBM, AMD and Cray, with a variety of target architectures. Support also exists in the Clang/LLVM [56] and GCC open-source compilers. 2 While the explicit device control provided by the CUDA, ROCm/HIP, and OpenCL programming models may be more powerful than directivebased approaches, it may also significantly increase developer effort.…”