Pneumocephalus Mimicking Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in MR Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Fig 1.

Abstract

We read with interest the article by de Souza et al 1 about the use of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) for the evaluation of patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). In this regard, we would like to report the following case: In November 2008, a 38-yearold woman presented with a history of left tinnitus and hypoacusis. The usual MR imaging sequences showed a left acoustic neurinoma; she also was found to have a single CCM in the left frontal region as an incidental finding. She underwent surgery, and a small CSF fistula presented through the surgical wound as complication. A new MR imaging was performed, adding SWI, showing several lesions that suggested the presence of multiple CCMs (in addition to the frontal cavernous malformation previously diagnosed) that were not seen on the usual sequences (Fig 1). The clinical correlation with the patient's medical history and a thorough analysis of the images led to the suspicion that the lesions seen on SWI corresponded to extra-axial air collections. A second intervention to close the CSF fistula and remove the frontal cavernous malformation was performed without complications, and the patient was discharged shortly after.SWI is a relatively new MR imaging technique suitable for detection of magnetic susceptibility effects.2 SWI is more sensitive than T2*-weighted gradient-refocused images in CCMs. 1,3 SWI may prove to be outstandingly useful in identifying the true extent of cavernous malformations or in confirming the presence of suspected small CCMs.However, as stated by Tong et al, 4 the loss of signal intensity created by a disturbance of a homogeneous magnetic field seen on SWI can be caused by various paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, or diamagnetic substances such as iron, some forms of calcification, or even air. Additionally, this fact may suggest that SWI could be a suitable sequence for monitoring the progress of recovery from pneumocephalus in neurosurgical patients. References

Subcortical Microbleeds in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Mimicking Amyloid Angiopathy

“…

Recently developed MRI techniques, such as susceptibility weighted sequences (SWI) and T2 *-weighted gradient recalled echo, have high sensitivity to detect paramagnetic blood products and are therefore being increasingly used to detect cerebral microbleeds (CMB) in patients with stroke and other rarer diseases. 2,4,5 The mechanism by which DIC cause CMB is unclear, although they could involve a combination of both intravascular microthrombi and parenchymal hemosiderin deposits surrounding small vessels. Neurological examination showed a comatose patient (Glasgow Coma Scale 10/15 points), with erratic movements of the limbs and orofacial myoclonus.

…”

“…2,4,5 The mechanism by which DIC cause CMB is unclear, although they could involve a combination of both intravascular microthrombi and parenchymal hemosiderin deposits surrounding small vessels. 2,3 CMB are also common in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke.…”

“…1,2 Infrequently, pneumocephalus, 3 cavernous malformations, metastatic melanoma and diffuse axonal injury following concussion may mimic CMB on SWI. 2,4,5 The mechanism by which DIC cause CMB is unclear, although they could involve a combination of both intravascular microthrombi and parenchymal hemosiderin deposits surrounding small vessels. In this regard, the more linear and larger hypointense structures seen in SWI sequences are more likely to represent intravascular microthrombi.…”