PM2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa

Williams, John; Petrik, Leslie; Wichmann, Janine

doi:10.1007/s11869-020-00947-y

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, and Zn were detected in the samples collected for 121 days, of which the largest fraction of the PM 2.5 samples were due to anionic and metallic species. If those levels are assumed to be representative for the city, one may observe higher risk estimates [ 31 ]. Secondly, these stronger effects may also represent difference in vulnerability and high prevalence of pre-existing diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, which increases their susceptibility to stronger acute effects [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Joint Effects of PM10, NO2 and SO2 on Cardio-Respiratory Disease Hospital Admissions in Cape Town, South Africa

Adebayo-Ojo

Wichmann

Arowosegbe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background/Aim: In sub-Sahara Africa, few studies have investigated the short-term association between hospital admissions and ambient air pollution. Therefore, this study explored the association between multiple air pollutants and hospital admissions in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: Generalized additive quasi-Poisson models were used within a distributed lag linear modelling framework to estimate the cumulative effects of PM10, NO2, and SO2 up to a lag of 21 days. We further conducted multi-pollutant models and stratified our analysis by age group, sex, and season. Results: The overall relative risk (95% confidence interval (CI)) for PM10, NO2, and SO2 at lag 0–1 for hospital admissions due to respiratory disease (RD) were 1.9% (0.5–3.2%), 2.3% (0.6–4%), and 1.1% (−0.2–2.4%), respectively. For cardiovascular disease (CVD), these values were 2.1% (0.6–3.5%), 1% (−0.8–2.8%), and −0.3% (−1.6–1.1%), respectively, per inter-quartile range increase of 12 µg/m3 for PM10, 7.3 µg/m3 for NO2, and 3.6 µg/m3 for SO2. The overall cumulative risks for RD per IQR increase in PM10 and NO2 for children were 2% (0.2–3.9%) and 3.1% (0.7–5.6%), respectively. Conclusion: We found robust associations of daily respiratory disease hospital admissions with daily PM10 and NO2 concentrations. Associations were strongest among children and warm season for RD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Joint Effects of PM10, NO2 and SO2 on Cardio-Respiratory Disease Hospital Admissions in Cape Town, South Africa

Adebayo-Ojo

Wichmann

Arowosegbe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…By the literature cutoff time of this review (September 30, 2020), only a few studies had been published that investigated the effects of secondary chemistry and local primary emissions on PM levels and composition in China (Chang et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2020a;Cui et al, 2020;Dai et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2020;, Bangladesh (Masum and Pal, 2020), and South Africa (Williams et al, 2020). More studies will be essential to understand the complexity of PM 2.5 pollution.…”

Section: Observed Changes In Pm Compared With Estimates Based On the mentioning

confidence: 99%

The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban air pollution

Gkatzelis

Gilman

Brown

et al. 2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

133

154

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The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic led to government interventions to limit the spread of the disease which are unprecedented in recent history; for example, stay at home orders led to sudden decreases in atmospheric emissions from the transportation sector. In this review article, the current understanding of the influence of emission reductions on atmospheric pollutant concentrations and air quality is summarized for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), ammonia, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide (CO). In the first 7 months following the onset of the pandemic, more than 200 papers were accepted by peer-reviewed journals utilizing observations from ground-based and satellite instruments. Only about one-third of this literature incorporates a specific method for meteorological correction or normalization for comparing data from the lockdown period with prior reference observations despite the importance of doing so on the interpretation of results. We use the government stringency index (SI) as an indicator for the severity of lockdown measures and show how key air pollutants change as the SI increases. The observed decrease of NO2 with increasing SI is in general agreement with emission inventories that account for the lockdown. Other compounds such as O3, PM2.5, and CO are also broadly covered. Due to the importance of atmospheric chemistry on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, their responses may not be linear with respect to primary pollutants. At most sites, we found O3 increased, whereas PM2.5 decreased slightly, with increasing SI. Changes of other compounds are found to be understudied. We highlight future research needs for utilizing the emerging data sets as a preview of a future state of the atmosphere in a world with targeted permanent reductions of emissions. Finally, we emphasize the need to account for the effects of meteorology, emission trends, and atmospheric chemistry when determining the lockdown effects on pollutant concentrations.

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“…In many cities, NO 2 is a marker of traffic pollution, while SO 2 may point to power plant emissions and other fossil fuel combustion sources. In addition, SO 2 is converted to SO 4 2− in the presence of nitrogen oxides when sunlight is at its brightest and contributes to PM [16]; O 3 , as a secondary pollutant, is a marker of anthropogenic and natural sources [17]. Therefore, using single pollutants as a proxy for complex mixtures of pollutants does not properly account for the health effects caused by the simultaneous exposure to multiple pollutants whose concentrations do not vary proportionally over time [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Effects of PM10, NO2, SO2 and O3 on Cardio-Respiratory Mortality in Cape Town, South Africa, 2006–2015

Adebayo-Ojo

Wichmann

Arowosegbe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: The health effect of air pollution is rarely quantified in Africa, and this is evident in global systematic reviews and multi-city studies which only includes South Africa. Methods: A time-series analysis was conducted on daily mortality (cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory diseases (RD)) and air pollution from 2006–2015 for the city of Cape Town. We fitted single- and multi-pollutant models to test the independent effects of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) from co-pollutants. Results: daily average concentrations per interquartile range (IQR) increase of 16.4 µg/m3 PM10, 10.7 µg/m3 NO2, 6 µg/m3 SO2 and 15.6 µg/m3 O3 lag 0–1 were positively associated with CVD, with an increased risk of 2.4% (95% CI: 0.9–3.9%), 2.2 (95% CI: 0.4–4.1%), 1.4% (95% CI: 0–2.8%) and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.2–4.8%), respectively. For RD, only NO2 showed a significant positive association with a 4.5% (95% CI: 1.4–7.6%) increase per IQR. In multi-pollutant models, associations of NO2 with RD remained unchanged when adjusted for PM10 and SO2 but was weakened for O3. In CVD, O3 estimates were insensitive to other pollutants showing an increased risk. Interestingly, CVD and RD lag structures of PM10, showed significant acute effect with evidence of mortality displacement. Conclusion: The findings suggest that air pollution is associated with mortality, and exposure to PM10 advances the death of frail population.

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PM2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Short-Term Joint Effects of PM10, NO2 and SO2 on Cardio-Respiratory Disease Hospital Admissions in Cape Town, South Africa

Short-Term Joint Effects of PM10, NO2 and SO2 on Cardio-Respiratory Disease Hospital Admissions in Cape Town, South Africa

The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban air pollution

Short-Term Effects of PM10, NO2, SO2 and O3 on Cardio-Respiratory Mortality in Cape Town, South Africa, 2006–2015

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