Platinum-group elements: quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces

Palacios, María A.; Gómez, Milagros; Moldován, Mariella; Morrison, Gregory M.; Rauch, Sébastien; McLeod, Cameron W.; Ma, Rujiang; Laserna, J.J.; Lucena, P.; Caroli, Sergio; Alimonti, Andrea; Petrucci, Francesco; Bocca, Beatrice; Schramel, P.; Lustig, S.; Zischka, Michael; Wass, Urban; Stenbom, Bertil; Luna, María Eugenia; Saenz, J.C; Santamaría, John Ramiro Agudelo; Torrens, J.M

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00464-2

Cited by 205 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This has been proposed by others to be a relevant distance for external exposure to environmental car exhausts ( Ranft, 1994 ). Obviously increasing concentrations of platinum found in environmental samples ( Helmers and Mergel, 1997;Artelt et al, 1999;Rauch and Morrison, 1999;Zereini and Alt, 1999;Becker et al, 2000;Mueller and Heumann, 2000;Palacios et al, 2000 ) near places with high traffic density do not directly influence the internal exposure. Uptake of relevant amounts of platinum by inhalation seems to occur only when there is direct contact, for instance, while working with the salts of this precious metal (Weber et al, 1991;Farago et al, 1998 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Platinum emission is estimated to be about 200-300 ng/driven kilometer (Artelt et al, 1999;Zereini and Alt, 1999 ), but there have also been higher estimations (Helmers and Mergel, 1997 ). Emission is positively correlated to high speed (Helmers and Mergel, 1997 ) and new catalytic converters ( Palacios et al, 2000). Platinum and palladium contents in surface soil have been shown to decrease exponentially with increasing distance from highways (Mueller and Heumann, 2000), but these metals can also be transported to urban rivers through run -off water ( Rauch and Morrison, 1999 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influences on human internal exposure to environmental platinum

Herr

Jankofsky

Angerer

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Different influences on internal exposure to platinum are investigated and for the first time weighted in environmentally exposed subjects as far as individual internal platinum concentrations are concerned. Detailed medical and environmental histories as well as oral cavity status were assessed in 84 dermatological patients, and internal platinum exposure was determined by analyzing platinum in urine using adsorptive voltammetry ( AV ). Platinum concentrations ranged from < 0.9 ( detection limit ) to 65.5 ng Pt / l urine. Influence of different types and age of alloy restorations and therefore relevance of the exposure pathway due to solubilization of platinum in saliva could be demonstrated. No platinum -related health effects ( contact stomatitis, asthma or kidney conditions ) were observed. Analysis of covariance showed the number of noble dental alloy restorations ( P < 0.0001 ) and to a lesser extent age ( P= 0.0017 ) to independently influence internal platinum exposure. Even though spread of environmental platinum has increased, internal platinum exposure is low in subjects without assessable medical or dental devices ( usually < 4.5 ng / l urine ) and not related to adverse health effects. For the first time, detailed individual information on possible exposure pathways to platinum were considered in an analysis of relevant influential factors: Car traffic exposure and dermatological condition showed no association with internal platinum exposure. Uptake from platinum containing noble metal dental alloy restorations ( NMDAR ) is of greatest relevance, surmounting the influence of each year of lifetime on platinum body load by more than 10 -fold.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences on human internal exposure to environmental platinum

Herr

Jankofsky

Angerer

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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show abstract

“…refs 6-15. Considering that the more recent and reliable estimations of the emission factors from the automobile source report a value for Pt of 65-180 ng km -1 (16), and considering that there are about 500 millions cars worldwide equipped with catalytic converters and that the average mileage is about 15 000 km per year, then we can roughly estimate an annual Pt emission into the environment, due to catalytic converters, of 0.5-1.4 ton yr -1 . Although this represents a very low amount compared with the worldwide emissions of most other trace elements, it cannot be neglected because of the possible accumulation in the environment and enrichment along the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Greenland Snow Evidence of Large Scale Atmospheric Contamination for Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium

Barbante

Veysseyre

Ferrari

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

279

143

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Since 1976 in the United States, Canada, and Japan, and later in other countries, the exhaust system of gasoline powered cars has been equipped with catalytic converters containing Pt and/or Pd and/or Rh. This has resulted in a very significant decrease in urban air pollution for various chemical species such as NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. There has however been concern that their ever increasing use might lead to Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) becoming widely dispersed in the environment. From the analysis of Pt, Pd, and Rh in central Greenland recent snow and ancient ice using the ultrasensitive inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry technique, we show here that the concentrations of these metals in snow dated from the mid 1990s are indeed 40−120 times higher than in ice dated from 7000 years ago. The fact that such an increase is observed far away from populated areas at a high altitude location indicates there is now a large scale contamination of the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere for PGMs. Pt/Rh mass ratio in the most recent snow samples is close to the same ratio documented for catalytic converter exhausts in a recent study, which suggests that a large fraction of the recent increase for Pt and Rh might originate from automobile catalytic converters

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“…These results are in good agreement with the higher Pt content found in the diesel exhaust fumes compared with the content in the gasoline exhaust fumes. 7,8 The normalized isotope/Al signals obtained for Pb, P, Zn and S in the gasoline catalyst are also given in Table 2. Elements Pb, P and Zn were found to increase about two orders of magnitude in the front brick after ageing, whereas sulphur remained almost constant, possibly due to low levels of sulphur in the fuel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ageing was performed in a roller dynamometer following a driving cycle that represents urban and non-urban driving conditions. 7 Both fresh gasoline and diesel catalysts were kept and analysed further for comparison.…”

Section: Catalyst Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ageing on the distribution of platinum group elements and catalyst poisoning elements in automobile catalysts

Moldován

Rauch

Morrison

et al. 2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The distribution of platinum group elements (PGEs) and catalyst poisoning elements (Pb, Zn, P and S) on the surface of gasoline and diesel automobile catalysts was investigated within this study. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) provides both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution required for the surface analysis of sectioned automobile catalysts, and scanning along channels reveals the distribution of longitudinal changes in PGE and catalyst poisoning elements. Changes in catalyst surface features were studied for fresh catalysts and after ageing of the catalyst up to 80 000 km for both types of catalysts studied. The PGEs in the gasoline catalyst were found to decrease at the front of the catalyst after ageing, whereas the diesel catalyst presented a more constant loss along the catalyst. The fraction of poisoning elements (Pb, P and Zn for the gasoline catalyst and P and Zn for the diesel catalyst) retained by the catalyst is distributed non-uniformly over the length of the catalyst. This could indicate different ageing mechanisms for gasoline and diesel catalysts.

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Platinum-group elements: quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces

Cited by 205 publications

References 27 publications

Influences on human internal exposure to environmental platinum

Influences on human internal exposure to environmental platinum

Greenland Snow Evidence of Large Scale Atmospheric Contamination for Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium

Impact of ageing on the distribution of platinum group elements and catalyst poisoning elements in automobile catalysts

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