Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria

Maier, Wolfgang D.

doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.03.004

Cited by 157 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…Dissolution of sulfide has been proposed to have occured in the Platinova Reef by Nielsen (2013), Godel et al (2014), Holwell andKeays (2014) and Nielsen et al (2015). Maier (2005) notes that sulfides associated with magnetite may have undergone late-magmatic S loss by Fe exchange with oxides through a similar process to that originally proposed by Naldrett and Lehmann (1987) for chomitites in the Bushveld Complex. Post-cumulus S loss by hydrothermal processes can also reduce bulk sulfide content, upgrade metal tenors and potentially redistribute metals and deposit them at redox boundaries (e.g., Andersen 2006).…”

Section: Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Jenner et al (2010) also demonstrated that magnetite crystallization can trigger sulfide saturation in arc magmas. Prolonged and enhanced magnetite crystallization lowers the Fe 2+ activity of the melt, thus reducing its S-carrying capacity and triggering sulfide saturation (Maier 2005). Andersen (2006), Holwell and Keays (2014) and Keays and Tegner (2015) all suggest a link between magnetite and sulfide saturation, in the Skaergaard Intrusion.…”

Section: Triggers For Sulfide Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stratiform reefs in the upper parts of their host layered mafic intrusions have been referred to by Maier (2005) as 'Stella-type' reefs after the deposits of Stella Intrusion in South Africa which have the highest PGE grades (10-15 ppm) of all such deposits (Maier et al 2003); however, and following Miller and Andersen (2002), we refer to these as 'Skaergaard-type' deposits. Other similar, lowergrade deposits include those in the Sonju Lake intrusions within the Duluth Complex , the Rincon del Tigre intrusion in Bolivia (Prendergast 2000), the Coldwell Complex in Ontario, Canada (Barrie et al 2002), the Kotelainen Intrusion, Finland (Mutanen 1997), and the Blue Draw Complex, South Dakota (Ciborowski et al 2013).…”

Section: Skaergaard-type Magmatic Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extreme enrichment of Se, Te, PGE and Au in Cu sulfide microdroplets: evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfides in the Skaergaard Intrusion, east Greenland

Holwell

Keays

McDonald

et al. 2015

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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evidence implies that there is no significant post-magmatic hydrothermal S loss and that the metal profiles are essentially a function of magmatic processes. We propose that to generate these extreme precious and semimetal contents, the sulfides must have formed from an anomalously metal-rich package of magma, possibly formed via the dissolution of a previously PGE-enriched sulfide. Other processes such as kinetic diffusion may have also occurred alongside this to produce the ultra-high tenors. The characteristic metal offset pattern observed is largely controlled by partitioning effects, producing offset peaks in the order Pt+Pd>Au>Te>Se>Cu that are entirely consistent with published D values. This study confirms that extreme enrichment in sulfide droplets can occur in closed-system layered intrusions in situ, but this will characteristically form ore deposits that are so low in sulfide that they do not conform to conventional deposit models for Cu-Ni-PGE sulfides which require very high R factors, and settling of sulfide liquids.

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Section: Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Triggers For Sulfide Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Skaergaard-type Magmatic Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extreme enrichment of Se, Te, PGE and Au in Cu sulfide microdroplets: evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfides in the Skaergaard Intrusion, east Greenland

Holwell

Keays

McDonald

et al. 2015

Contrib Mineral Petrol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As such, platinum and gold share similar transport mechanisms in the crust and can be deposited in both magmatic and hydrothermal systems. In some polymetallic deposits, gold and platinum are alloyed to one another [21,22]. The question remains: does this similar geochemical behaviour extend to low temperature, i.e., Earth surface weathering conditions?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilisation of Platinum by Cupriavidus metallidurans

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The metal resistant bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, challenged with aqueous platinous and platinic chloride, rapidly immobilized platinum. XANES/EXAFS analysis of these reaction systems demonstrated that platinum binding shifted from chloride to carboxyl functional groups within the bacteria. Pt(IV) was more toxic than Pt(II), presumably due to the oxidative stress imparted by the platinic form. Platinum immobilisation increased with time and with increasing concentrations of platinum. From a bacterial perspective, intracellular platinum concentrations were two to three orders of magnitude greater than the fluid phase, and became saturated at almost molar concentrations in both reaction systems. TEM revealed that C. metallidurans was also able to precipitate nm-scale colloidal platinum, primarily along the cell envelope where energy generation/electron transport occurs. Cells enriched in platinum shed outer membrane vesicles that were enriched in metallic, colloidal platinum, likely representing an important detoxification strategy. The formation of organo-platinum compounds and membrane encapsulated nanophase platinum, supports a role for bacteria in the formation and transport of platinum in natural systems, forming dispersion halos important to metal exploration.

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“…In numerous cases, their enrichments are associated with such enigmatic rock formations as anorthosites, and such inscrutable magmatic structures as layered magmatic intrusions (layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions). Despite that PGEs mining has a very long history, specific aspects of PGE ore formation still remain the subject of great controversy (e.g., [2] [3]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of Platinum Group Elements during the Early Earth Evolution: A Review*

Pilchin¹,

Eppelbaum²

2017

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Numerous unique geological processes [1] took place during the early Earth evolution; several of them, especially those occurring in the Hadean-Early Archean and later, are reflected in the modern geological (geophysical, geochemical, etc.) pattern. One such significant enigmatic feature is the preservation of extremely dense and heavy platinum group elements (PGEs): Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os. Concentration of PGEs during this period could have taken place in two ways: 1) presence of particular matter capable of preserving PGEs near the earth's surface, 2) transportation of PGEs by magma flows from deep lithospheric (asthenospheric) layers (slabs) to the subsurface. Clearly, much of the dense and heavy PGEs did not sink through to the Earth's mantle (core) at the time of the magma-ocean, and occur near Earth's surface in abundances for formation of ore deposits with PGE concentrations found to be 2 -3 orders of magnitude greater than those in their host media. Their enrichments are associated in numerous cases with such enigmatic phenomena as formation of anorthosites and anorthosite-bearing layered magmatic intrusions. PGE deposits and mineralization zones are also found in associations with chromitites, dunites and serpentinites. In this review, problems related to the initial concentration and preservation of PGEs, their association with anorthosites, and formation of layered intrusions are discussed in detail. The main aim of this article is analysis of the requirements-initial concentration and preservation of PGE and PGM (Platinum Group Minerals) during the early Earth evolution, as well as examination of the distribution behavior of some PGEs in different ore deposits and meteorites. It is supposed that meteoritic bombardment of Earth has played a significant role in formation of PGEs deposits. Some conclusions made in this article may be useful for developing and enhancing strategies of prospecting for PGEs deposits.

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Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria

Cited by 157 publications

References 132 publications

Extreme enrichment of Se, Te, PGE and Au in Cu sulfide microdroplets: evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfides in the Skaergaard Intrusion, east Greenland

Extreme enrichment of Se, Te, PGE and Au in Cu sulfide microdroplets: evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfides in the Skaergaard Intrusion, east Greenland

Immobilisation of Platinum by Cupriavidus metallidurans

Concentration of Platinum Group Elements during the Early Earth Evolution: A Review*

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