Plasticizer Types

Wypych, George

doi:10.1016/b978-1-77467-022-4.50005-1

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Polymeric materials that are kept outdoors and exposed to the sun or temperatures more than 110°C can result in plasticizer evaporation/loss and material performance deterioration. The loss rate increases with increasing temperature for small plasticizers compared to higher molecular weights; the plasticizer loss can be calculated from below theoretical models according to Wypych (2004):

\begin{equation}\;\frac{{{M_\tau }}}{{{M_0}}} = K{\tau ^d},\end{equation}

where M τ is the loss of plasticizer during time τ , M 0 is the initial plasticizer content, k is the plasticizer initial content, τ is the time, and d is a constant (under experimental conditions d = 0.5) (Wypych, 2004).…”

Section: Properties Of Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tertiary carbon sites are the susceptible point to initiate radical formation by heat due to the increased stability of intermediates (Wypych, 2015) as hydrogen abstraction is stabilized by the tertiary carbon group (Carraher Jr., 2017). At the industry level, the inclusion of antioxidants can minimize the F I G U R E 2 Thermal degradation of plasticizers (Wypych, 2004).…”

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymeric materials that are kept outdoors and exposed to the sun or temperatures more than 110 • C can result in plasticizer evaporation/loss and material performance deterioration. The loss rate increases with increasing temperature for small plasticizers compared to higher molecular weights; the plasticizer loss can be calculated from below theoretical models according to Wypych (2004):…”

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where M τ is the loss of plasticizer during time τ, M 0 is the initial plasticizer content, k is the plasticizer initial content, τ is the time, and d is a constant (under experimental conditions d = 0.5) (Wypych, 2004).…”

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Tumu

Vorst

Curtzwiler

2023

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Phthalates and bisphenol chemicals have been widely used globally in packaging materials and consumer products for several decades. These highly functional chemicals have become a concern due to their toxicity (i.e., endocrine/hormone modulators) and ability to migrate from food contact materials (FCMs) into food matrices and the environment resulting in human and environmental health risks. FCMs, composed of postconsumer materials, are particularly high risk for containing these compounds. The evaluation of postconsumer recycled feedstocks in FCMs is compulsory and selection of an appropriate detection method to comply with applicable regulations is necessary to evaluate human and environmental safety. Numerous regulations have been proposed and passed globally for both compound classes that are recognized as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union. Several brand owners and retailers have also released their own “restricted substance lists” due to the mounting consumer and regulatory concerns. This review article has two goals: (1) discuss the utilization, toxicology, human exposure routes, and occurrence levels of phthalates and bisphenols in FCMs and associated legislation in various countries and (2) discuss critical understanding and updates for detection/quantification techniques. Current techniques discussed include extraction and sample preparation methods (solid‐phase microextraction [SPME], headspace SPME, Soxhlet procedure, ultrasound‐assisted extraction), chromatographic techniques (gas, liquid, detectors), and environmental/blank considerations for quantification. This review complements a previous review of phthalates in foods from 2009 by discussing phthalate and bisphenol characteristics, analytical methods of determining concentrations in packaging materials, and their influence on the migration potential into food.

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\begin{equation}\;\frac{{{M_\tau }}}{{{M_0}}} = K{\tau ^d},\end{equation}

Section: Properties Of Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phthalate Stability and Potential For Generation For Noninte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Tumu

Vorst

Curtzwiler

2023

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The effectiveness of conventional plasticisers in reducing polymer T g can be described using various theoretical approaches, as exemplified by Hildebrand solubility parameter, δ, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χ, Polarity parameter, ϕ, and Activity parameter, α (e.g., 272,[275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282] ).…”

Section: Polymer Plasticisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of elevated temperature and carriers in the dyeing of polyester fibres using disperse dyes: Part 2. Analysis of conventional models of dye adsorption

Burkinshaw

2023

Coloration Technology

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This review concerns the application of disperse dyes to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres using aqueous immersion dyeing processes and the roles of both elevated dyeing temperatures and carriers in the dyeing system. The precise reasons why very high temperatures in the region of 130oC promote the uptake of disperse dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres from aqueous dyebaths have not been satisfactorily resolved, nor has the exact mechanism by which carriers promote dye uptake at lower temperatures in the region of 98oC been adequately established. In this part of the paper, a detailed review and analysis is presented of the various concepts and theories that have been proposed to account for the promotional effects of temperature and carriers on disperse dye uptake, from the viewpoint of both the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the adsorption of the dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and other types of fibre.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Prevention of surface defects in calendered poly(vinyl chloride) sheets using a succinate‐capped poly(caprolactone) additive

Rideout,

Panchal,

Maric

et al. 2024

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Surface defects known as “gas checks” often mar the surfaces of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) calendered films. These defects are typically prevented through changes in the calender operating parameters, a costly exercise which also limits the sheet thickness and the production rate. Adding a low concentration of poly(caprolactone) (PCL)‐based star‐shaped compound can eliminate gas check defects in PVC calendering. The effects of a triheptylsuccinate‐terminated PCL with a PCL triol core and number average molecular weight of 540 g/mol (i.e., PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3) has been investigated on the material, thermal, and processing properties of PVC blends containing diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as a primary plasticizer and PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 in low quantities (i.e., 0, 5, or 10 parts per hundred rubber (phr)) as a secondary plasticizer and processing aid. The most significant differences between PVC blends containing PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 and those without are in the rheological properties of the PVC blends at higher temperatures and lower angular frequencies. Under these conditions, PVC blends containing 10 phr of PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 have a complex viscosity nearly three times higher than those containing only DINP. PVC/PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 blends had comparable tensile properties to those containing only DINP, with no significant change in maximum elongation and a small but significant increase of 28% in maximum stress. The addition of PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 made it possible to produce calendered films without gas checks that were twice as thick as those produced in its absence. In addition to reduced wastage of marred films, the increased calender operating range for PVC films containing PCL540‐[(succ)‐C7]3 has the potential to significantly reduce energy costs for the calendering of thick PVC films.

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Plasticizer Types

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

The roles of elevated temperature and carriers in the dyeing of polyester fibres using disperse dyes: Part 2. Analysis of conventional models of dye adsorption

Prevention of surface defects in calendered poly(vinyl chloride) sheets using a succinate‐capped poly(caprolactone) additive

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