“…Different approaches are available to model the plastic deformation. The constitutive models to simulate the plastic deformation, such as the power law [36,37,96,100] and hyperbolic sine law [56,95,99], require model parameters that capture the strain hardening behavior of the alloy. After fitting the experimental data, the effects from material chemistry, geometry, and testing conditions are no longer distinguished by the model parameters, and, therefore, the trained models can only be used under specific conditions.…”