Plasmon resonances of aluminum nanoparticles and nanorods

Ekinci, Yasin; Solak, Harun H.; Löffler, Jörg F.

doi:10.1063/1.2999370

Cited by 225 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For display purposes, a viewing angle-dependent signal would be problematic but could be remedied by placing a diffusing layer on top of the pixel layer. Although the standard electron beam lithography methods used in this work are not currently scalable to industrial requirements, nanorods of similar sizes have been produced by extreme UV lithography (21), which uses an interference mask, a coherent light source, and otherwise standard lithography techniques. This combination of highly tunable, vibrant RGB colors, a highly polarized response, and potential industrial scalability suggests that the Al plasmonic pixel is a promising platform for future display technologies in the notso-distant future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Al is low in cost and compatible with mainstream manufacturing processes in the electronics industry (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processing, known as CMOS) (12, 13). Al has recently been identified as a highly promising chromatic material for color filters, for instance using structures such as hole arrays (14-16) or arrays of Al crosses (17).Although the plasmon resonances of Al nanostructures typically have been studied in the UV region of the spectrum (18), they can also be tuned into the visible region (19,20), exhibiting a sensitivity to size and shape similar to Au and Ag nanostructures (21,22). The structural tuning of the Al plasmon resonance into the visible yields excellent blue colors, but as the resonance is red-shifted across the visible spectrum its linewidth broadens, primarily owing to the interband transition of Al that occurs at nominally 1.5 eV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the plasmon resonances of Al nanostructures typically have been studied in the UV region of the spectrum (18), they can also be tuned into the visible region (19,20), exhibiting a sensitivity to size and shape similar to Au and Ag nanostructures (21,22). The structural tuning of the Al plasmon resonance into the visible yields excellent blue colors, but as the resonance is red-shifted across the visible spectrum its linewidth broadens, primarily owing to the interband transition of Al that occurs at nominally 1.5 eV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Olson

Manjavacas

Liu

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

279

255

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Aluminum is abundant, low in cost, compatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor manufacturing methods, and capable of supporting tunable plasmon resonance structures that span the entire visible spectrum. However, the use of Al for color displays has been limited by its intrinsically broad spectral features. Here we show that vivid, highly polarized, and broadly tunable color pixels can be produced from periodic patterns of oriented Al nanorods. Whereas the nanorod longitudinal plasmon resonance is largely responsible for pixel color, far-field diffractive coupling is used to narrow the plasmon linewidth, enabling monochromatic coloration and significantly enhancing the far-field scattering intensity of the individual nanorod elements. The bright coloration can be observed with p-polarized white light excitation, consistent with the use of this approach in display devices. The resulting color pixels are constructed with a simple design, are compatible with scalable fabrication methods, and provide contrast ratios exceeding 100:1.RGB | chromaticity | array | electron beam lithography D isplay technologies have been evolving toward vivid, fullcolor, flat-panel displays with high resolution and/or small pixel sizes, higher energy efficiency, and improved benefit/cost ratios. Some of the most popular current technologies are liquid crystal displays (LCD), laser phosphor displays, also known as electroluminescent displays, and light-emitting diode (LED)-based displays. A common characteristic of all color display technologies is the incorporation of various color-producing media, which can be inorganic, organic, or polymeric materials, into the device. These chromatic materials are chosen to produce the fundamental components of the color spectrum in additive color schemes such as the standard red-green-blue (sRGB) when illuminated by an internal light source or when an electrical voltage is applied.Inorganic chromatic materials have the potential to greatly extend the durability and lifetime of color displays. Inorganic nanoparticles have recently begun to be used in color displays in the form of quantum dot LEDs, which have excellent display lifetimes and industry-scalable, size-based, and material-based color tunability (1-3). However, obtaining blue colors from quantum dots has been challenging (4) owing to the requirement of synthesizing nanoparticles in the small size range required to achieve optical transitions in this wavelength range. Au nanoparticles can produce green and red colors based on their surface plasmon resonances (5), but shorter-wavelength hues are quenched because of interband transitions for wavelengths below 520 nm (6). Ag has also been investigated for display applications (7, 8), but although spectral features can be achieved across the visible region the material readily oxidizes (9, 10), requiring additional passivation layers.Al is potentially a highly attractive material for plasmon-based full-spectrum displays. Al is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, beh...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Olson

Manjavacas

Liu

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

279

255

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“…The height of the nanorods is 35 nm for all pixels, and all nanorod widths are designed to be 40 nm for compatibility with scalable fabrication methods, such as nanoimprint, 35,[37][38][39][40][41][42] laser interference, [43][44][45] or extreme ultraviolet lithography. 46,47 All samples are prepared using standard e-beam lithography on an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate, followed by the spincoating of a layer of polyimide (PI), as shown in the main portion of Figure 1a. After fabrication, the pixels are then spectrally characterized using dark field excitation with p-polarized light oriented along the longitudinal axis of the nanorods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Chromaticity Aluminum Plasmonic Pixels for Active Liquid Crystal Displays

Olson¹,

Manjavacas

Basu³

et al. 2015

ACS Nano

160

179

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Chromatic devices such as flat panel displays could, in principle, be substantially improved by incorporating aluminum plasmonic nanostructures instead of conventional chromophores that are susceptible to photobleaching. In nanostructure form, aluminum is capable of producing colors that span the visible region of the spectrum while contributing exceptional robustness, low cost, and streamlined manufacturability compatible with semiconductor manufacturing technology. However, individual aluminum nanostructures alone lack the vivid chromaticity of currently available chromophores because of the strong damping of the aluminum plasmon resonance in the visible region of the spectrum. In recent work, we showed that pixels formed by periodic arrays of Al nanostructures yield far more vivid coloration than the individual nanostructures. This progress was achieved by exploiting far-field diffractive coupling, which significantly suppresses the scattering response on the long-wavelength side of plasmonic pixel resonances. In the present work, we show that by utilizing another collective coupling effect, Fano interference, it is possible to substantially narrow the short-wavelength side of the pixel spectral response. Together, these two complementary effects provide unprecedented control of plasmonic pixel spectral line shape, resulting in aluminum pixels with far more vivid, monochromatic coloration across the entire RGB color gamut than previously attainable. We further demonstrate that pixels designed in this manner can be used directly as switchable elements in liquid crystal displays and determine the minimum and optimal numbers of nanorods required in an array to achieve good color quality and intensity.

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“…1,25,32 Still, localized plasmon resonances in Al have been demonstrated in several geometries, including nanoparticles, 27,30,33 triangles, 3,28,34 discs, 4,35,36 rods, and nanoantennas. 31,37,38 The relative abundance of Al can be advantageous for the design of plasmonic absorbers in solar energy conversion or for inexpensive, disposable SERS and fluorescence-enhancing substrates. Due to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility, Al plasmonic nanostructures would be optimal for siliconintegrated optoelectronic applications, such as integrated biomolecular sensing, 39,40 on-chip plasmonic nanoantennas, waveguides, and interconnects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploiting Native Al₂O₃ for Multispectral Aluminum Plasmonics

et al. 2014

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Aluminum, despite its abundance and low cost, is usually avoided for plasmonic applications due to losses in visible/infrared regimes and its interband absorption at 800 nm. Yet, it is compatible with silicon CMOS processes, making it a promising alternative for integrated plasmonic applications. It is also well known that a thin layer of native Al 2 O 3 is formed on aluminum when exposed to air, which must be taken into account properly while designing plasmonic structures. Here, for the first time we report exploitation of the native Al 2 O 3 layer for fabrication of periodic metal−insulator−metal (MIM) plasmonic structures that exhibit resonances spanning a wide spectral range, from the nearultraviolet to mid-infrared region of the spectrum. Through fabrication of silver nanoislands on aluminum surfaces and MIM plasmonic surfaces with a thin native Al 2 O 3 layer, hierarchical plasmonic structures are formed and used in surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRA) and surface-enhanced Raman spectrocopy (SERS) for detection of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol. KEYWORDS: aluminum plasmonics, metal−insulator−metal cavities, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, nanoparticles, hierarchical structures R ecent advancement in plasmonics enabled the development of better performing plasmonic materials for the ultraviolet (UV) 1−5 and infrared (IR) 6−13 portion of the light spectrum. Typically gold (Au) and silver (Ag) are the most common materials used to fabricate nanostructures to study novel plasmon-enhanced materials and enable optical phenomena such as negative refraction, 14,15 transformation optics, 16 surface plasmon sensors, 17,18 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), 19,20 surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA), 21,22 and plasmon-enhanced solar cells and detectors. 23,24 Au has an internal band transition around 500 nm, which limits utilization of gold toward the UV portion of the visible spectrum. 25 Due to its chemically inert properties, stability, and tailorable binding to biomolecules, Au is widely used for surface plasmon resonance sensor applications working at visible wavelengths closer to the NIR regime. Ag is considered the optimal material for plasmonic applications in the visible spectrum due to its low loss compared to other metals. 25 However, Ag suffers from atmospheric sulfur contamination and oxidation. 26 Aluminum arises as a promising material for UV 27,28 and deep UV plasmonic applications 3,4,29−31 owing to its high plasma frequency. Al has high losses from the visible to IR range as well as an interband absorption around 800 nm, which makes it less favorable as a NIR plasmonic material. 1,25,32 Still, localized plasmon resonances in Al have been demonstrated in several geometries, including nanoparticles, 27,30,33 triangles, 3,28,34 discs, 4,35,36 rods, and nanoantennas. 31,37,38 The relative abundance of Al can be advantageous for the design of plasmonic absorbers in solar energy conversion or for i...

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Plasmon resonances of aluminum nanoparticles and nanorods

Cited by 225 publications

References 42 publications

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

High Chromaticity Aluminum Plasmonic Pixels for Active Liquid Crystal Displays

Exploiting Native Al₂O₃ for Multispectral Aluminum Plasmonics

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Plasmon resonances of aluminum nanoparticles and nanorods

Cited by 225 publications

References 42 publications

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

High Chromaticity Aluminum Plasmonic Pixels for Active Liquid Crystal Displays

Exploiting Native Al2O3 for Multispectral Aluminum Plasmonics

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Exploiting Native Al₂O₃ for Multispectral Aluminum Plasmonics