Plasmid – mediated Resistance in Salmonella typhi Isolates from Door Handles in Nasarawa State, North-central Nigeria

Mohammed, Salih A.A.; Tsaku, P. A.; Nkene, I. H.; Oti, Victor B.; Ekeleme, I. K.

doi:10.9734/ajb2t/2017/34780

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The findings of this study revealed an isolation rate of 43.7% (447/1022) for S. typhi in the study area. This is consistent with those of Mohammed et al 3 and Adabara et al 27 in studies conducted in Nasarawa and Minna in Nasarawa and Niger states, Nigeria respectively. A much higher prevalence was reported by Ifeanyi et al, 16 Kalu et al 28 and Bhatta et al 29 in Abuja and Owerri in Nigeria, and Nepal in Asia, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Adikwu¹,

Umeh²,

Iheukwumere³

et al. 2018

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella typhi which is solely a human pathogen with no known animal reservoir. S. typhi is a gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. 1 It is a non-spore forming and non-lactose fermenting bacterium. The bacterium is transmitted mainly through consumption of food and water that has been contaminated by faecal matter. 2 Clean water, good hygiene and sanitation are factors that prevent the spread of typhoid. 1,3,4 The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks, and the duration of the illness is about 3-4 weeks. Symptoms include poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fatigue, weakness, fever as high as 103 o to 104 o F (39°C to 40°C), lethargy, diarrhoea and rose coloured spot. 5,6 Salmonella typhi infection begins with colonization of the small intestine, which progresses to the invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The infection then spreads to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 1,7 The severity of the infection depends on the initial infective dose, virulence and the host's immune response. 8-10 The greatest burden of disease is experienced by infants, children and adolescents (the World Health Organization [WHO] 11 and Crump and Mintz 12). In view of the above, the WHO recognizes this disease as a major public health problem and recommends immunization with Vi polysaccharide vaccine in high-risk areas. 13 Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical climates and has become a major public health problem in developing countries, with an estimated annual incidence of 540 cases per 100 000 people, and an estimated 17 million cases worldwide. 11,14 It is often encountered in tropical countries including Nigeria where it constitutes a serious source of morbidity and mortality. 15,16 This stems from poor hygienic environment and inadequate water supply systems which have become

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…major setbacks in the health systems of Asian, and African countries such as Nigeria. 3,17 In 2004, Crump et al 18 estimated that typhoid fever caused 21.6 million illnesses globally with 216, 510 deaths in the year 2000 alone. Typhoid fever was estimated to have medium incidence in Africa with 10-100 cases per 100 000 persons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Adikwu¹,

Umeh²,

Iheukwumere³

et al. 2018

Int J Enteric Pathog

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“…Contamination of door handles with antibiotic resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health, as the antibiotic resistant determinants can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria thus, compromising the treatment of severe bacterial infections and enhancing resistance dissemination [15]. Medically important microorganisms such as; Gram–positive Staphylococcus aureus , and Gram–negative Enterobacteriaceae (which includes Escherichia coli , Klebsiella species, Citrobacter species, Salmonellae species) were found to contaminate various contact surfaces including chairs, tables, windows, door handles, and many other common household fixtures [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. These microorganisms have been frequently isolated from environmental sources that serve as a relay for the bacteria and plays major role in the spread of infections between different hosts [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Medically important microorganisms such as; Gram–positive Staphylococcus aureus , and Gram–negative Enterobacteriaceae (which includes Escherichia coli , Klebsiella species, Citrobacter species, Salmonellae species) were found to contaminate various contact surfaces including chairs, tables, windows, door handles, and many other common household fixtures [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. These microorganisms have been frequently isolated from environmental sources that serve as a relay for the bacteria and plays major role in the spread of infections between different hosts [15]. This study investigated the ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi-Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–production in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

Tsaku

Ngwai

Pennap

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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Serious clinical concern has been raised globally over the continual evolution of pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents, especially the beta-lactam antibiotics. This study investigated ESBL-production in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi-Nigeria. A total of 200 door handles were sampled and 34 (17.0%) E. coli isolates were identified. The bacterial resistance profile to tested antibiotics was: tetracycline 31 (91.18%), cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, and augmentin with 28 (82.35%). Streptomycin and ampicillin had 26 (76.47%), while ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin had 16 (47.06%), 14 (41.18%), 12 (35.29%) and 7 (20.59%) resistance profile respectively. Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) ≥ 0.3 was recorded in 33 (97.06%) of the isolates. A total of 23 resistant phenotypes were observed in this study. The most common resistant phenotype was AMP-AUG-CAZ-CRO-S-CIP-SXT-TE-C with 4 appearances. Fourteen (14) of the isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR), while 9 were extensively resistant (XDR) isolates. Fifteen (15) ESBL-producers were identified out of which bla TEM was identified in 7 of the isolates, while 10 were carriers of bla SHV , and bla CTX-M gene was not detected in any of the test isolates. This study recommends prompt action by all stakeholders in public health to prevent a potential disease burden from a superbug.

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“…E. coli has frequently been isolated from door handles and several other handy surfaces such as bannisters, crevices, and toilet knobs globally [4,[31][32][33][34][35]. Similarly, enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonellae, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Providencia and Yersinia have also been isolated from door handles and other environmental surfaces [31][32][35][36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular diversity of multi-resistant and extended–spectrum beta lactamase–producing Escherichia coli from door handles in Lafia, central Nigeria

Tsaku

Ibrahim

Nkene

et al. 2019

GSC Biol. and Pharm. Sci.

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Human hands have been implicated as a major source of dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms through fomites. This study investigated the diversity of ESBL-producing in E. coli isolates from door handles using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). An occurrence of 77(19.25%) of E. coli out of 400 samples was recovered from different locations. The study of antibiotics resistance showed that ampicillin, ceftazidime, and streptomycin were predominantly resistant. Multiple antibiotics resistance index of ≥0.3 was recorded in 73(94.81%) of the isolates. A total of 40 resistant phenotypes were observed in this study, with AMP-AUG-CAZ-CRO-S-CIP-SXT-TE-C being the commonest. Twenty isolates were characterised as Multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes, followed by, pan drug resistance (PDR) and extensive resistance (XDR) phenotypes recorded in 12 and 8 isolates respectively. Thirty-six (36) ESBL-producers were identified out of which 14 harboured blaTEM, while 5 and 9 were carriers of blaSHV and blaCTX-M respectively. Most of the isolates shared a common origin, as revealed by result of the RFLP. The outcome of this study suggests the need for improved personal hygiene and the need for all stakeholders to be proactive in curtailing the spread of resistant pathogens.

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Plasmid – mediated Resistance in Salmonella typhi Isolates from Door Handles in Nasarawa State, North-central Nigeria

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–production in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

Molecular diversity of multi-resistant and extended–spectrum beta lactamase–producing Escherichia coli from door handles in Lafia, central Nigeria

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