Plasmatic membrane toll-like receptor expressions in human astrocytomas

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first to identify disturbances in the immune system, recognizing pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Since the inflammation process plays an important role in several diseases, TLRs have been considered potential therapeutic targets, including treatment for cancer. However, TLRs’ role in cancer remains ambiguous. This study aims to analyze the expression levels of plasmatic cell membrane TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6) in human astrocytomas the most prevalent tumors of CNS different grades (II-IV). We demonstrated that TLR expressions were higher in astrocytoma samples compared to non-neoplastic brain tissue. The gene and protein expressions were observed in GBM cell lines U87MG and A172, proving their presence in the tumor cells. Associated expressions between the known heterodimers TLR1-TLR2 were found in all astrocytoma grades. In GBMs, the mesenchymal subtype showed higher levels of TLR expressions in relation to classical and proneural subtypes. A strong association of TLRs with the activation of cell cycle process and signaling through canonical, inflammasome and ripoptosome pathways was observed by in silico analysis, further highlighting TLRs as interesting targets for cancer treatment.

Pyroptosis-related prognosis model, immunocyte infiltration characterization, and competing endogenous RNA network of glioblastoma

“…Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize non-self-molecules and activate the inflammation process. TLR expression had been observed in various samples, such as GBM cases and GBM cell lines, indicating that TLR plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis [ 39 ]. Therefore, we speculated that the mechanism by which GABPB1-AS1 regulates the transcriptional levels of CASP3 and TP63 and relevant signaling pathways through Hsa-miR-519c-5p might play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of GBM.…”

Late p65 nuclear translocation in glioblastoma cells indicates non-canonical TLR4 signaling and activation of DNA repair genes

“…. The expression levels for the tissues samples and cell samples were resulted by the formula 2 −ΔCt (where ΔCt = TLR4 Ct-geometric means of three housekeeping genes, TBP, HPRT and GUSB)27 . The cell samples were analyzed by one housekeeping gene (HPRT).In silico analysis using TCGA dataset.…”

Pyroptosis-related Prognosis Model, Immunocyte Infiltration Characterization, and Competing Endogenous RNA Network of Glioblastoma

“…Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize non-self-molecules and activate the in ammation process. TLR expression had been observed in various samples, such as GBM cases and GBM cell lines, indicating that TLR plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis [34]. Therefore, we speculated that the mechanism by which GABPB1-AS1 regulates the transcriptional levels of CASP3 and TP63 and relevant signaling pathways through Hsa-miR-519c-5p might play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of GBM.…”