Plant Glutathione Transferases

Edwards, Robert; Dixon, David P.

doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(05)01011-6

Cited by 229 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…These transferases catalyze the formation of S-glutathionylated and O-glycosylated conjugates of different acceptor molecules. As we previously discussed (Blanco et al 2005;Holuigue et al 2007), these enzymes have been implicated in the detoxification of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, being good candidates to diminish toxic effects of metabolites (including ROS) in the stress defense reaction (Lim and Bowles 2004;Edwards et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress-induced hormone involved in the activation of defense genes. Here we analyzed the early genetic responses to SA of wild type and npr1-1 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings, using Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray (CATMAv2) chip. We identified 217 genes rapidly induced by SA (early SAIGs); 193 by a NPR1-dependent and 24 by a NPR1-independent pathway. These two groups of genes also differed in their functional classification, expression profiles and over-representation of cis-elements, supporting differential pathways for their activation. Examination of the expression patterns for selected early SAIGs from both groups indicated that their activation by SA required TGA2/5/6 subclass of transcription factors. These genes were also activated by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpm1, suggesting that they might play a role in defense against bacteria. This study gives a global idea of the early response to SA in Arabidopsis seedlings, expanding our knowledge about SA function in plant defense.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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“…The assays were based on the method of Edwards and Dixon (2005) with modifications as follows. The reaction mix contained 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.5, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM GSH, 0.25 mM NADPH, 0.6 units mL 21 glutathione reductase, 5 to 1,500 mM cumene hydroperoxide, 2.5 to 10 mM TNT, and 5 and 30 mg of enzyme for GST-U25 and GST-U24, respectively, in a final volume of 190 mL.…”

Section: Gpox Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis Glutathione Transferases U24 and U25 Exhibit a Range of Detoxification Activities with the Environmental Pollutant and Explosive, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

et al. 2014

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The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a major worldwide military pollutant. The presence of this toxic and highly persistent pollutant, particularly at military sites and former manufacturing facilities, presents various health and environmental concerns. Due to the chemically resistant structure of TNT, it has proven to be highly recalcitrant to biodegradation in the environment. Here, we demonstrate the importance of two glutathione transferases (GSTs), GST-U24 and GST-U25, from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that are specifically up-regulated in response to TNT exposure. To assess the role of GST-U24 and GST-U25, we purified and characterized recombinant forms of both enzymes and demonstrated the formation of three TNT glutathionyl products. Importantly, GST-U25 catalyzed the denitration of TNT to form 2-glutathionyl-4,6-dinitrotoluene, a product that is likely to be more amenable to subsequent biodegradation in the environment. Despite the presence of this biochemical detoxification pathway in plants, physiological concentrations of GST-U24 and GST-U25 result in only a limited innate ability to cope with the levels of TNT found at contaminated sites. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GST-U24 and GST-U25 exhibit significantly enhanced ability to withstand and detoxify TNT, properties that could be applied for in planta detoxification of TNT in the field. The overexpressing lines removed significantly more TNT from soil and exhibited a corresponding reduction in glutathione levels when compared with wild-type plants. However, in the absence of TNT, overexpression of these GSTs reduces root and shoot biomass, and although glutathione levels are not affected, this effect has implications for xenobiotic detoxification.The containment and cleanup of environmental pollutants is increasingly both a legal requirement and a responsible action in many developed countries. The most commonly used explosives in military weapons are 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and their continual use, along with production and decommissioning, are progressively contaminating millions of hectares of military land . Bioremediation of TNT is particularly challenging, as the electron-withdrawing properties of the three nitro groups render the aromatic ring particularly resistant to oxidative attack and ring cleavage by microbial oxygenases, which in the environment are normally central to the biodegradation of aromatic compounds (Qasim et al., 2007). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency and the military are addressing methods by which toxic TNT and RDX can be contained and detoxified on active military training ranges. One way this problem might be tackled is through the use of plants that are adapted to detoxify these compounds. This could be achieved either by traditional breeding programs or by genetic modification, as has been demonstrated previously for both RDX and TNT (Hannink et al., 2001;Rylott et al., 2006;Jackson et al., 2007).In t...

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“…This family is involved in diverse functions, including detoxification and reduction of oxidative stress (27)(28)(29). FIP1 has a GST activity of specific affinity to glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Significance Far-red (FR) insensitive 219 (FIN219) is the main jasmonate (JA)-amido synthetase that activates the systemic synthesis of bioactive JAs in Arabidopsis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Structural basis of jasmonate-amido synthetase FIN219 in complex with glutathione S-transferase FIP1 during the JA signal regulation

Chen

Kuo

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Far-red (FR) light-coupled jasmonate (JA) signaling is necessary for plant defense and development. FR insensitive 219 (FIN219) is a member of the Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family of proteins in Arabidopsis and belongs to the adenylate-forming family of enzymes. It directly controls biosynthesis of jasmonoyl-isoleucine in JA-mediated defense responses and interacts with FIN219-interacting protein 1 (FIP1) under FR light conditions. FIN219 and FIP1 are involved in FR light signaling and are regulators of the interplay between light and JA signaling. However, how their interactions affect plant physiological functions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the crystal structures of FIN219-FIP1 while binding with substrates at atomic resolution. Our results show an unexpected FIN219 conformation and demonstrate various differences between this protein and other members of the GH3 family. We show that the rotated C-terminal domain of FIN219 alters ATP binding and the core structure of the active site. We further demonstrate that this unique FIN219-FIP1 structure is crucial for increasing FIN219 activity and determines the priority of substrate binding. We suggest that the increased FIN219 activity resulting from the complex form, a conformation for domain switching, allows FIN219 to switch to its high-affinity mode and thereby enhances JA signaling under continuous FR light conditions. jasmonate response | far-red light | signaling cross-talk | adenylation enzyme | phytohormone F ar-red (FR) insensitive 219 (FIN219) (1), also known as jasmonate (JA) resistant 1 (JAR1; AtGH3.11) (2), is a member of the auxin-regulated Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family of proteins (3). The GH3 family in Arabidopsis is composed of 19 distinct proteins and is also conserved in plants such as rice (4-6), tomato (7,8), and maize (9), with 13, 15, and 13 members, respectively. Phylogenetically, the GH3 family is classified as part of the adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily, which contains proteins such as firefly luciferase-like enzymes (10). This diverse group of enzymes catalyzes the addition of AMP to carboxyl groups on a wide variety of substrates and typically contains three conserved motifs that form a binding pocket for ATP and AMP substrate intermediates (11). GH3 proteins regulate the activity of plant hormones through amino acid conjugation and have a substantial effect on plant metabolism and physiology (12). For example, FIN219 catalyzes the conjugation of isoleucine (Ile) to JA, forming jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). This reaction results in the degradation of the transcriptional repressor JA-ZIM (zinc-finger protein expressed in inflorescence meristem) domain (JAZ) proteins and the subsequent activation of downstream transcriptional responses (13).FIN219 has been identified in suppressor screenings using a temperature sensitive constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (cop1) mutant line. It is involved in FR light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and regulates light inactivation of COP1 activity (1). Furthermore, FIN219 acts as a ...

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Plant Glutathione Transferases

Cited by 229 publications

References 46 publications

Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis

Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis Glutathione Transferases U24 and U25 Exhibit a Range of Detoxification Activities with the Environmental Pollutant and Explosive, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Structural basis of jasmonate-amido synthetase FIN219 in complex with glutathione S-transferase FIP1 during the JA signal regulation

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