Plant endophytes: unveiling hidden applications toward agro-environment sustainability

Species Diversity, Nitrogen Fixation, and Nutrient Solubilization Activities of Endophytic Bacteria in Pea Embryos

“…In legumes, endophytic bacteria are known to help plants directly and indirectly in acquiring nutrients beyond nodulation and nitrogen fixation, such as phosphate solubilization, iron chelation, phytohormone production, secreting antibacterial agents to prevent pathogen infection, outcompeting pathogens for nutrients by siderophore production, and facilitating the establishment of systemic resistance in plants [80]. For plants in general, mineral solubilizing bacteria may directly or indirectly stimulate plant growth and development by releasing plant growth regulators, solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium, and silicon, producing siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases, pectinases, xylanases, amylases, and gelatinases), and bioactive compound/secondary metabolites [81,82]. At the microbiome level, nutrient-solubilizing endophytic bacteria have been identified in diverse phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes [81].…”

“…At the microbiome level, nutrient-solubilizing endophytic bacteria have been identified in diverse phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes [81]. α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria constitute a dominant bacterial group in many plants [82]. In contrast, endophytic Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Acidobacteria exhibit the least diversity [82].…”

“…α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria constitute a dominant bacterial group in many plants [82]. In contrast, endophytic Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Acidobacteria exhibit the least diversity [82]. Achromobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces are dominant bacterial genera in most host plants [82].…”