Plant and insect genetic variation mediate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on a natural plant–herbivore interaction

Rasmussen, Pil U.; Amin, Tarique; Bennett, Alison E.; Green, Kristina Karlsson; Timonen, Sari; Nouhuys, Saskya van; Tack, Ayco J. M.

doi:10.1111/een.12453

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, bulbil sprouting was slower in the sterile soil than in the field soil, indicating that the soil microbial community stimulates sprouting. While this in part could be due to that sterilization affects nutrient levels, the observed effect agrees with previous studies, which found that soil organisms can advance phenology and influence plant growth (Wagner et al 2014, Rasmussen et al 2017, 2020). However, this study provided no insights into the putative adaptive nature of this pattern.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Ecological and evolutionary responses of an arctic plant to variation in microclimate and soil

Wickander

Rasmussen

Marteinsdóttir

et al. 2020

Oikos

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The arctic and alpine regions are predicted to experience some of the highest rates of climate change, and the arctic vegetation is expected to be especially sensitive to such changes. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary responses of arctic plant species to changes in climate is therefore a key objective. Geothermal areas, where natural temperature gradients occur over small spatial scales, and without many of the confounding environmental factors present in latitudinal and other gradient studies, provide a natural experimental setting in which to examine the response of arctic–alpine plants to increasing temperatures. To test the ecological and evolutionary response of the circumpolar alpine bistort Persicaria vivipara to temperature, we collected plant material and soil from areas with low, intermediate and high soil temperatures and grew them at three different temperatures in a three‐factorial growth chamber experiment. At higher experimental soil temperatures, sprouting was earlier and plants had more leaves. Sprouting was earlier in soil originating from intermediate temperature and plants had more leaves when grown in soil originating from low temperatures. We did not find evidence of local adaptation or genetic variation in reaction norms among plants originating from areas with low, intermediate and high soil temperature. Our findings suggest that the alpine bistort has a strong plastic response to warming, but that differences in soil temperature have not resulted in genetic differentiation. The lack of an observed evolutionary response may, for example, be due to the absence of temperature‐mediated selection on P. vivipara, the low rate of sexual recombination, or high levels of gene flow balancing differences in selection. When placed within the context of other studies, we conclude that arctic–alpine plant species often show strong plastic responses to spring warming, while evidence of evolutionary responses varies among species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Ecological and evolutionary responses of an arctic plant to variation in microclimate and soil

Wickander

Rasmussen

Marteinsdóttir

et al. 2020

Oikos

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“…Every fortnight, starting 19 days after sowing, we recorded the number of leaves and the length and width of the longest leaf. From these measures, we calculated leaf size (leaf length × leaf width), total leaf area (leaf length × leaf width × number of leaves) and leaf allometry (leaf width/leaf length) (Rasmussen et al, ). We additionally measured plant rosette shape (flat or high) 74 days after sowing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of elevated temperature and drought on the ecology and evolution of plant–soil microbe interactions

2019

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1. Climate change is shifting the distribution of species, and may have a profound impact on the ecology and evolution of species interactions. However, we know little about the impact of increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns on the interactions between plants and their beneficial and antagonistic root symbionts.2. Here, we used a reciprocal multifactorial growth chamber experiment with seeds and soil microbial communities from three origins to investigate the impact of temperature and soil moisture on the growth, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and root-associated fungal community of a perennial herb. Moreover, we tested whether plants and AM fungi performed better or worse when plants were grown with their local soil biota, for example, due to plant adaptation or changes in the genetic or species composition of the soil microbial community.3. Temperature and soil moisture generally increased plant growth, whereas temperature but not soil moisture increased AM fungal colonization. The strength and direction of the plants' response to temperature were dependent on soil moisture and differed among plant populations, and AM fungal colonization was further affected by the origin of the soil microbial community. The root-associated fungal community structure was impacted by temperature, soil moisture and the soil microbial origin, with interactive effects between the microbial origin and the abiotic environment. Plant biomass was lower when plants were grown with their local soil microbes, potentially due to intraspecific negative plant-soil feedbacks. Synthesis.Our findings indicate that, beyond a relatively uniform increase of plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization with increasing temperature, plants and root-associated fungi of different origins will vary in their response to climate change (i.e. elevated temperature and shifts in rainfall). This may create pronounced, but difficult to predict, spatial and temporal variation in the ecology and evolution of plant-microbe interactions with a changing climate. K E Y W O R D S abiotic and biotic factors, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, local adaptation, Plantago lanceolata, plant-soil (below-ground) interactions, plant-soil feedback, root-associated fungi, soil moisture This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have received much attention and there appears to be a general pattern whereby generalist chewing insects are negatively affected by mycorrhizal presence, whilst specialist chewers and suckers are positively affected (Koricheva et al 2009). However, in many cases, there is a continuum of insect responses, from positive to negative, mediated by many factors including soil nutrient status, plant age, plant genetics, fungal identity, and extent of colonisation of the root system (Gange 2007;Rasmussen et al 2017;Tomczak and Müller 2017). One hitherto overlooked feature is whether the previous generation of plants had mycorrhizal associations and if they were attacked by the insect in question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reciprocal interactions between aphids and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across plant generations

Chitty

Gange

2021

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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The conditions experienced by one plant generation can influence the growth of the offspring generation. These maternal effects can reduce performance of foliar-feeding insects, through accumulation of plant defences. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inhabit the roots of plants and are known to influence the performance of foliar-feeding insects. However, all published studies of the interactions between insects and AMF have taken place within one plant generation, but none across generations. Thus, in the present study, Senecio vulgaris plants were grown with or without aphids and AMF (termed ‘induction events’), and seeds from each treatment were used to grow plants experiencing that same treatment over four successive generations, all grown in identical environmental conditions. Naïve aphids were reared on Senecio plants whose parents had experienced 0, 1, 2 or 3 induction events. We found strong negative maternal effects of herbivory on aphid growth, which were not mitigated by the mycorrhiza. However, teneral weight and growth rate showed a gradual recovery; aphids reared on plants whose previous three generations suffered attack were similar in size to those at the beginning of the study. Herbivory had positive or negative effects on the mycorrhiza, dependent upon the number of previous generations suffering attack or having mycorrhizal associations. We conclude that the outcome of many insect plant fungal experiments is likely to have been influenced by and need to account for maternal effects of the parental plant’s growth conditions.

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Plant and insect genetic variation mediate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on a natural plant–herbivore interaction

Cited by 16 publications

References 73 publications

Ecological and evolutionary responses of an arctic plant to variation in microclimate and soil

Ecological and evolutionary responses of an arctic plant to variation in microclimate and soil

The impact of elevated temperature and drought on the ecology and evolution of plant–soil microbe interactions

Reciprocal interactions between aphids and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across plant generations

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