Pituitary and SARS CoV-2: An unremitting conundrum

Căpățînă, Cristina; Poiană, Cătălina; Fleseriu, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2023.101752

Cited by 11 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…In most of the organs, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection results in destabilisation of the host cellular immune response and release of proinflammatory cytokines, dysregulated production of inflammatory cells, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation abnormalities (Table 1). 20–43 It has been long known that upon infection, host cells produce miRNAs to counter viral attacks by regulating the host‐immune response 44,45 . Moreover, viruses also transcribe miRNAs that may interfere with the host‐cellular defence system 45 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentially‐regulated miRNAs in COVID‐19: A systematic review

Ahmad

Gull

Baby

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for coronavirus disease of 2019 that infected more than 760 million people worldwide with over 6.8 million deaths to date. COVID-19 is one of the most challenging diseases of our times due to the nature of its spread, its effect on multiple organs, and an inability to predict disease prognosis, ranging from being completely asymptomatic to death. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 alters the host immune response by changing host-transcriptional machinery. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regarded as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that can be perturbed by invading viruses. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported such dysregulation of host miRNA expression upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some of this could occur as an anti-viral response of the host to the viral infection. Viruses themselves can counteract that response by mounting their own pro-viral response that facilitates virus infection, an aspect which may cause pathogenesis. Thus, miRNAs could serve as possible disease biomarkers in infected people. In the current review, we have summarised and analysed the existing data about miRNA dysregulation in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 to determine their concordance between studies, and identified those that could serve as potential biomarkers during infection, disease progression, and death, even in people with other comorbidities. Having such biomarkers can be vital in not only predicting prognosis, but also the development of novel miRNA-based anti-virals and Abbreviations: 3 0 UTR, 3 0 untranslated regions; 5 0 UTR, 5 0

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentially‐regulated miRNAs in COVID‐19: A systematic review

Ahmad

Gull

Baby

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…Various virological and histological hypotheses exploring these lingering symptoms suggest the persistence of certain postinflammatory lesions, particularly vascular ones [ 15 ]. However, a closer examination of the residual symptoms experienced by these patients reveals that some closely resemble the symptoms associated with anterior pituitary deficiencies, particularly corticotroph or somatotroph [ 6 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, certain authors have proposed the involvement of the pituitary gland in post–COVID-19 syndrome [ 6 , 15 ]. This is because the ACE2 receptor, which facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, is expressed within the hypothalamo-pituitary axis [ 6 ]. The precise mechanisms by which the virus acts on infected cells remain subject to debate, but inflammatory and autoimmune processes are considered the most likely culprits [ 6 , 16 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaluation of the pituitary gland during the acute phase of infection and during the follow-up of post–COVID-19 patients has not been consistently implemented due to the insidious nature of these lesions [ 6 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no study worldwide has assessed the hypothalamo-pituitary axis of patients with post–COVID-19 syndrome using an insulin tolerance test (ITT) [ 17 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Explaining Long COVID: A Pioneer Cross-Sectional Study Supporting the Endocrine Hypothesis

Ach,

Ben Haj Slama,

Gorchane

et al. 2024

Journal of the Endocrine Society

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Background In some patients, symptoms may persist after COVID-19, defined as Long COVID. Its pathogenesis is still debated and many hypotheses have raised. Our primary objective was to evaluate the corticotroph and somatotroph functions of patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing Post COVID-19 syndrome to detect any deficiencies that may explain Long COVID. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted including patients who had previously contracted SARS-CoV-2 with a post-infection period of 3 months or less to 15 months, divided into two groups. The first group (G1) comprised of fully recovered patients, while the second group (G2) included patients experiencing Long COVID. The primary outcome was the comparison of corticotroph and somatotroph functions. Results 64 patients were divided into two groups, each consisting of 32 patients. G2 exhibited more frequently anterior pituitary deficits compared to G1(p = 0.045). For the corticotroph axis (G1: 6.3% vs G2: 28.1%) and for the somatotroph axis (G1: 31.3% vs G2: 59.4%). Baseline cortisol level was significantly lower in G2 (G1: 13.37 µg/dL vs G2: 11.59 µg/dL) (p = 0.045). The peak cortisol level was also lower in G2 (G1: 23.60 µg/dL vs G2: 19.14 µg/dL) (p = 0.01). For the somatotroph axis, the IGF-1 level was lower in G2 (G1: 146.03 ng/mL vs G2: 132.25 ng/mL) (p = 0.369). The peak GH level was also lower in G2 (G1: 4.82 ng/mL vs G2: 2.89 ng/mL) (p = 0.041). Conclusions The results showed that Long COVID patients in our cohort were more likely to have anterior pituitary deficiencies. The endocrine hypothesis involving anterior pituitary insufficiency can be considered to explain the Long COVID.

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Acromegaly and COVID-19, lessons, and new opportunities

Varlamov,

Fleseriu

2024

Pituitary

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Pituitary and SARS CoV-2: An unremitting conundrum

Cited by 11 publications

References 142 publications

Differentially‐regulated miRNAs in COVID‐19: A systematic review

Differentially‐regulated miRNAs in COVID‐19: A systematic review

Explaining Long COVID: A Pioneer Cross-Sectional Study Supporting the Endocrine Hypothesis

Acromegaly and COVID-19, lessons, and new opportunities

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