“…[15][16][17] Many intervention programs have been developed and evaluated to improve self-management behavior in CHF patients. Some of these-such as telephone-or home-based interventions, [18][19][20] programs in clinical (outpatient) settings, [21][22][23] and groupbased programs [24][25][26] -have demonstrated positive outcomes on health-related quality of life. However, most intervention programs solely emphasize the medical aspects of CHF self-management (eg, symptom recognition), whereas patients face equal difficulties in dealing with the social and emotional consequences of CHF.…”