Pilot-scale evaluation of hydrotreating inferior coker gas oil prior to its fluid catalytic cracking

Co-processing of wood and wheat straw derived pyrolysis oils with FCC feed—Product distribution and effect of deoxygenation

“…Decreased gasoline yields and increased hydrogen yields (compared at constant conversion) were observed by Caeiro et al [50] for increasing feedstock basic nitrogen content. For conventional refinery feedstock, the content of basic nitrogen is usually about one third of the total nitrogen [51][52][53]. The basic nitrogen content of the wheat straw oils obtained with SiC and HZSM-5/Al 2 O 3 was 3920 and 5670 ppm, which is less than one third of the total nitrogen content of the oils (see Table 3) but still considerably higher compared to the basic nitrogen content of the reference feed (620 ppm).…”

“…While the reduced TAN and polarity of the deoxygenated oil will allow higher blend ratios compared to untreated bio-oil considering corrosion and miscibility, the current study shows that the basic nitrogen content has to be taken into account as well since it affects FCC catalyst deactivation. Thus, catalytically treated wheat straw oil obtained with HZSM-5 based catalysts may require further hydrotreating prior to FCC in order to saturate condensed aromatics, remove phenols and reduce the content of basic nitrogen [51,66]. While it is desirable to develop a nitrogen-resistant FCC catalyst [50,[67][68][69], the nitrogen poisoning is reversible, as the nitrogen components are burned in the FCC regenerator (see Peng et al [45], and references therein).…”

A Novel Method to Investigate the Activity Tests of Fresh FCC Catalysts: An Experimental and Prediction Process from Lab Scale to Commercial Scale

“…Catalyst stabilities all tend to be similar at low regenerator temperatures, but can be substantially different at high temperatures. Thus, a series of temperatures have been introduced to describe the hydrothermal effect [9,18]. Then, for the similar metal deactivation of catalyst, the F HT at different temperature can be reformulated through Equations (5) and (6) as follows:…”

“…The activity of moderate deactivation deviated from that of E-Cat. Actually, many FCC E-Cat have conversion, about 72~76% [9,11,17]. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the hydrothermal conditions and the "Reference conversion" or "Reference catalyst" to fit the conditions of commercial units.…”

“…Due to the high flexibility of operation for different types of feedstocks, such as biomass-derived feedstocks, FCC technology has been long-lasting, and witnessed several stages of developments and revolutions for catalyst, feedstock, process technology, and reactor design [4][5][6]. In other words, the wider diversity of feedstocks, fluctuation of product market, and environmental emissions control have continuously proposed a number of challenges for fresh FCC catalysts, reaction conditions, and even production distribution [7][8][9][10].…”