Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology ofSpilanthes acmella: A Review

Abstract

Spilanthes acmella is an important medicinal plant, found in tropical and subtropical countries mainly India and South America. Popularly, it is known as toothache plant which reduces the pain associated with toothaches and can induce saliva secretion. Various extracts and active metabolites from various parts of this plant possess useful pharmacological activities. Literature survey proposed that it has multiple pharmacological actions, which include antifungal, antipyretic, local anaesthetic, bioinsecticide, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, analgesic, pancreatic lipase inhibitor, antimicrobial, antinociception, diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, toothache relieve and anti-inflammatory effects. This review is elaborately describing the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this plant. This review would assist researchers to search scientific information in the future.

Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in North-Western Himalaya, India

“…Nerve sedative, hypertensive and analgesic (Choudhary et al, 2005) Coumarins (selinidin, vaginidin, angelicin, oroselol, lomatin), flavone derivative selinone (Chauhan, 1999) Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae Antitumorigenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, emollient, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, treat flu, cough, headache, stomachache, ophthalmic diseases, obesity, jaundice, constipation, hepatitis and diarrhea (Singh and Kumar, 2000;Lee and Lim, 2003;Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006;Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2009;Mahmood et al, 2013;Kayani et al, 2014;Khan et al, 2015) Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, terpenoids and flavonoids (Djaafar and Ridha, 2014) Solanum viarum Dunal, Solanaceae Piles, dysentery, toothache, influence central nervous system, remove blockage from teats Steroidal glycosides (Ono et al, 2009) of the animals and used in birth control pills (Chauhan, 1999;Singh and Kumar, 2000;Sharma et al, 2013a;Sharma et al, 2014b;Shah et al, 2015) Spilanthes acmella (L.) L., Asteraceae Toothache and oral sore (Ong and Nordiana, 1999;Kumar and Sharma, 2014) Spilanthol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, limonene, β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, germacrene-D, myrecene, 3-acetylaleuritolic acid, vanillic acid, β-sitostenone, scopoletin, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid (Dubey et al, 2013) Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam., Asteraceae…”

Methanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum roots inhibit inflammatory responses via the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in murine macrophages

“…2 and 3). This difference may be explained by the fact that, in several cases, extracts from the different parts of the same plant lead to different pharmacological responses (Babuselvam et al, 2012;Dubey et al, 2013).…”

Chemical Composition, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Acmella uliginosa</i> (Sw.) Cass Leaves

“…Some species have been used in the treatment of toothache. One of the widest distributed alkamides in these species and responsible for various biological activities is N-Isobutyl-2(E),6(Z),8(E)-decatrienamide which commonly named as spilanthol [15][16]. Spilanthol is used as spices in foods and beverages, a sense stimulus component in a wide range of product such as foods, beverages, fragrance and cosmetic [17].…”