Phytochemical screening and antiviral activity of Marrubium vulgare

Abstract

Aims:The present study is to investigate the phytochemical content, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of the crude and fractions from Marrubium vulgare. Methodology and results:The crude methanol extract and fractions using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and nbutanol of M. vulgare whole plant were produced in this study. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavones aglycones and steroid in all preparations except for the hexane fraction. Carbohydrates, saponins were found present in the crude and ethyl acetate extracts while tannin was detected in the crude, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts. Anthraquinones and terpenes were detected in the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity of the crude and fractions were examined using a modified MTT assay and the cell concentration that causes 50% of cell death (CC50) was determined. The crude extract and fractions showed no toxicity towards Vero cells with the CC50 value ranges between 140 to 400 µg/mL. Antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), attachment and virus yield reduction assays were analyzed by plaque reduction assay. Only the crude extract, hexane and chloroform fractions showed antiviral activity with the selectivity indices of 3.11, 2.8 and 1.28 respectively. In this study it is revealed that the hexane fraction disrupts the early steps of cyclic replication, including HSV-1 attachment in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The crude, hexane and chloroform fractions of M. vulgare were not cytotoxic and have antiviral properties. Treatment with the hexane fraction inhibits viral attachment and reduces virus yield. Further study on the mechanism of M. vulgare must be elucidated for the potential as antiviral agent.

Insight into biological activities of chemically characterized extract from Marrubium vulgare L. in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

“…Similarly, the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, mucilages, sterols and triterpenes, coumarins, and saponins were confirmed, however, alkaloids were found to be absent ( Table 4 ). Interestingly, the results of this study are consistent with those of Akther et al and Fayyad et al who reported in their study that M. vulgare is rich in gallic tannins, catechin tannins, sterols, and triterpenes and flavonoids ( Akther et al, 2013 ; Fayyad et al, 2014 ). Tannins and flavonoids are widely explored for their pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-cancer activities ( Khanbabaee and van Ree, 2001 ; Crozier et al, 2009 ).…”

Evaluación y detección bioinformática de terpenoides con potencial inhibitorio de la proteína viral 1 (VP1) del virus de la bursitis infecciosa

“…Según Amal Gaber et al (2014), los terpenos tienen la capacidad de interrumpir la adhesión del virus a la superficie de las membranas celulares del hospedero, así como de inhibir la replicación del genoma viral.…”

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Saponins Extracted from Marrubium vulgare L. Collected in Fez-Meknes Region in Morocco

“…Foam index equal 550, in accordance with, 18 our results indicate that Moroccan Marrubium vulgare L. contains saponins in its leaves. Several studies have reported the presence of saponins in Marrubium vulgar L. 13,27 Extraction of Saponins Three different methods were used to extract saponins. Each extract yield is calculated from dry weight of Marrubium vulgare L. leaves.…”

“…11 The aerial part of the Marrubium vulgare L. contains several secondary metabolites, the most interesting ones arepolyphenols, flavonoides, tannins, terpenoids, 5 marrubiin, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid glycoside, 6 and saponins. 12,13 Saponins are bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Besides their role in plant defense, they are considered to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities, 14 and the antioxidant activity, 15,16 protection against allergies, platelet aggregation, hepatotoxins and microbes.…”