Phytochemical Profiles of New Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties Compared with Traditional and New White-Fleshed Varieties

Abstract

This study is an exhaustive chemical characterization of the phenolic compounds, triterpenes, and organic and ascorbic acids in red-fleshed apple varieties obtained by different breeding programs and using five traditional and new white-fleshed apple cultivars as reference. To carry out these analyses, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were used. The results showed that the red-fleshed apples contained, in either the flesh or peel, higher amounts of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside), dihydrochalcones (phloretin xylosyl glucoside), and organic acids (malic acid) but a lower amount of flavan-3-ols than the white-fleshed apples. These quantitative differences could be related to an up-regulation of anthocyanins, dihydrochalcones, and malic acid and a down-regulation of flavan-3-ols (anthocyanin precursors) in both the flesh and peel of the red-fleshed apple varieties. The reported results should be considered preliminary because the complete phytochemical characterization of the red-fleshed apple cultivars will be extended to consecutive harvest seasons.

Validation of Dried Blood Spot Cards to Determine Apple Phenolic Metabolites in Human Blood and Plasma After an Acute Intake of Red‐Fleshed Apple Snack

“…Ionization was achieved using the electrospray interface operating in the negative mode [M−H] − and the data were acquired through selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The ionization source parameters were the same as the ones reported in previous studies …”

“…During the analysis, the column was kept at 30 °C, and the flow rate was 0.3 mL min −1 . The mobile phase and elution gradient were the same as those reported in previous studies …”

“…The mobile phase and elution gradient were the same as those reported in previous studies. [8,11] MS/MS analyses were carried out on a TQD mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a Z-spray electrospray interface. Ionization was achieved using the electrospray interface operating in the negative mode [M−H] − and the data were acquired through selected reaction monitoring (SRM).…”

Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of four red‐fleshed apple varieties in China

“…Except for "A16," the content of phloretin in all the red-fleshed apples was higher than that in the white-fleshed apple. This agreed with a previous report by Bars-Cortina et al (2017).…”

“…Hertog et al, 1993;Kasai, Fukada, Yamaizumi, Sugie, & Mori, 2000;Schulze et al, 2014;Wang, Zhou, & Liu, 2010;Yin et al, 2005). The polyphenols and flavonoids of most apple varieties are concentrated in the peel; however, red-fleshed apples obtained by cross-breeding have been shown to have a stronger antioxidant activity in vitro because of their high content of anthocyanins and other flavonoids in the flesh (Bars-Cortina, Macià, Iglesias, Romero, & Motilva, 2017;Xiang et al, 2017). Apple polyphenol extracts can also effectively inhibit the JFDS-2019-1816Submitted 11/5/2019, Accepted 1/12/2020 proliferation of HeLa, HepG2, and other cancer cells (Faramarzi et al, 2015).…”