Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory and ER Stress-Reducing Potential of Sambucus ebulus L. Fruit Extract

Abstract

Sambucus ebulus L. (SE) fruits are used for their immunostimulation, hematopoietic and antiviral potential. Recently, we focused on analyzing the mechanism underlying SE fruit aqueous extract’s (FAE) immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activities, with attention to its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-reducing potential. J774A.1 macrophages were treated with SE FAE alone or in conditions of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. Using GC–MS and LC–MS/MS, its phytochemical composition was analyzed. To measure transcription and protein levels, we used qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The prevailing phytochemicals in SE FAE were hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. The content of some amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, fatty acids and esters were newly reported. Extracts exerted an immunostimulation potential by stimulating IL-6, TNFα, Ccl2, COX2 and iNOS transcription, without inducing ER stress. SE FAE suppressed the LPS-induced transcription of inflammation related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, Ccl2, Icam-1, Fabp4, COX2, iNOS, Noxo1, IL-1ra, Sirt-1) and reduced the protein levels of iNOS, peIF2α, ATF6α and CHOP. The effects were comparable to that of salicylic acid. SE suppresses LPS-stimulated inflammatory markers on the transcription and translation levels. Targeting ER stress is possibly another mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory potential. These findings reveal the potential of SE fruits as a beneficial therapeutic of inflammation and ER stress-related pathological conditions.

Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Aronia melanocarpa L. Fruit Juices on Bulgarian Market

“…Phytochemical analysis was described in more detail in our previous study [61]. For each juice, we used six bottles/bags and tested five parallel samples of each.…”

“…Fractions B and C were analyzed by LC-PDA-ESI-MS/in negative ESI mode for fraction B and in positive ESI mode for fraction C, as previously described [61].…”

Anthocyanin-rich extract from black beans exerts anti-diabetic effects in rats through a multi-genomic mode of action in adipose tissue

“…Elevated levels of FFAs, inflammation, excess of nutrients, inadequately folded proteins, and local hypoxia, are characteristics of obesity and can lead to ER stress. This results in increased oxidative stress in adipose tissue of obese animals ( 50 ). ER organization pathway was positively regulated in BB group but not in DB group.…”

“…Exposure of J774A.1 macrophages to a cyanidin-3-O-galactoside-rich aqueous extract of Sambucus ebulus L. (SE) resulted in suppression of LPS-induced transcription of pro-inflammatory genes like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Ccl2, Icam-1, Fabp4, COX2, iNOS, Noxo1, IL-1ra and Sirt1. SE also showed to produce the decrease in protein levels of iNOS, peIFα, ATFα and C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) ( 50 ). Similarly, Punica granatum L. a high-content polyphenols Chinese plant, (PGF) was administrated to diabetic rats for 4 weeks.…”

New Insights into the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origins with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential

“…Eight manuscripts covered the topics of analytical strategies for bioactive compound identification and quantification, herbal preparations and natural medicines, and the in vivo and in vitro bioactivity of botanicals. One paper clearly demonstrated the immunostimulation, hematopoietic, and antiviral potential of Sambucus ebulus L.’s fruit aqueous extract (FAE), with attention given to its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-reducing potential [ 10 ]. J774A.1 macrophages were treated with SE FAE alone or under the condition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.…”