Physiological chemistry of uric acid: Solubility, colloid and ion-binding properties

Uric Acid Monohydrate Nanocrystals: An Adaptable Platform for Nitrogen and Salt Management in Reptiles

“…Analyses of urate microspheres produced by two other ancient snake species, Angolan python ( Python anchietae ) and Madagascan tree boa ( Sanzinia madagascariensis ), had similar textures ( Figure S2 ) confirming that this is a general feature. The uniformity of the nanoparticle sizes points to their likely origination from colloids − while the variability in the sphere size suggests a separate mechanism that assembles them into micron-sized packets. We presume that the assembly of nanoparticles into larger spherical units enhances their transport properties, though we do not currently know how or where in the animal this assembly step occurs.…”

Uric Acid Monohydrate Nanocrystals: An Adaptable Platform for Nitrogen and Salt Management in Reptiles

“…Analyses of urate microspheres produced by two other ancient snake species, Angolan python ( Python anchietae ) and Madagascan tree boa ( Sanzinia madagascariensis ), had similar textures ( Figure S2 ) confirming that this is a general feature. The uniformity of the nanoparticle sizes points to their likely origination from colloids − while the variability in the sphere size suggests a separate mechanism that assembles them into micron-sized packets. We presume that the assembly of nanoparticles into larger spherical units enhances their transport properties, though we do not currently know how or where in the animal this assembly step occurs.…”

Factors influencing the crystallization of monosodium urate: a systematic literature review

“…However, the concentrations of other ions present within the solution also affected urate solubility. Sodium ions reduced urate solubility at physiologically relevant concentrations [ 16 , 17 , 20 , 25 ]. Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ].…”

“…Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ]. Other cations, such as K + , Mg 2+ , NH4 + , Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, also reduced urate solubility to varying degrees, although these findings may have been influenced by changes in pH that were not always taken into account during analysis [ 25 , 27 ].…”

Size, Shape, and Phase of Nanoscale Uric Acid Particles

“…Previous research has shown that the solution phase has a significant impact on the crystalline structure and solubility of uric acid. In vitro interactions of cations, dyes, ,, and binding chemicals affect uric acid crystallization in terms of structure and formation rate. However, none of the previous studies have shown the possibility of amorphous uric acid particle formation at submicron sizes.…”

Uric Acid Monohydrate Nanocrystals: An Adaptable Platform for Nitrogen and Salt Management in Reptiles

“…Analyses of urate microspheres produced by two other ancient snake species, Angolan python ( Python anchietae ) and Madagascan tree boa ( Sanzinia madagascariensis ), had similar textures ( Figure S2 ) confirming that this is a general feature. The uniformity of the nanoparticle sizes points to their likely origination from colloids − while the variability in the sphere size suggests a separate mechanism that assembles them into micron-sized packets. We presume that the assembly of nanoparticles into larger spherical units enhances their transport properties, though we do not currently know how or where in the animal this assembly step occurs.…”

Factors influencing the crystallization of monosodium urate: a systematic literature review

“…However, the concentrations of other ions present within the solution also affected urate solubility. Sodium ions reduced urate solubility at physiologically relevant concentrations [ 16 , 17 , 20 , 25 ]. Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ].…”

“…Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ]. Other cations, such as K + , Mg 2+ , NH4 + , Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, also reduced urate solubility to varying degrees, although these findings may have been influenced by changes in pH that were not always taken into account during analysis [ 25 , 27 ].…”

Size, Shape, and Phase of Nanoscale Uric Acid Particles

“…Previous research has shown that the solution phase has a significant impact on the crystalline structure and solubility of uric acid. In vitro interactions of cations, dyes, ,, and binding chemicals affect uric acid crystallization in terms of structure and formation rate. However, none of the previous studies have shown the possibility of amorphous uric acid particle formation at submicron sizes.…”

Uric Acid Monohydrate Nanocrystals: An Adaptable Platform for Nitrogen and Salt Management in Reptiles

“…Analyses of urate microspheres produced by two other ancient snake species, Angolan python ( Python anchietae ) and Madagascan tree boa ( Sanzinia madagascariensis ), had similar textures ( Figure S2 ) confirming that this is a general feature. The uniformity of the nanoparticle sizes points to their likely origination from colloids − while the variability in the sphere size suggests a separate mechanism that assembles them into micron-sized packets. We presume that the assembly of nanoparticles into larger spherical units enhances their transport properties, though we do not currently know how or where in the animal this assembly step occurs.…”

Factors influencing the crystallization of monosodium urate: a systematic literature review

“…However, the concentrations of other ions present within the solution also affected urate solubility. Sodium ions reduced urate solubility at physiologically relevant concentrations [ 16 , 17 , 20 , 25 ]. Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ].…”

“…Furedi-Molhofer et al [ 26 ] showed that at pH 7.5 and 35 °C, the addition of increasing concentrations of sodium chloride to undersaturated solutions of sodium urate caused the phase boundaries of urate solubility to shift towards lower urate concentrations [ 26 ]. Other cations, such as K + , Mg 2+ , NH4 + , Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, also reduced urate solubility to varying degrees, although these findings may have been influenced by changes in pH that were not always taken into account during analysis [ 25 , 27 ].…”

Size, Shape, and Phase of Nanoscale Uric Acid Particles

“…Previous research has shown that the solution phase has a significant impact on the crystalline structure and solubility of uric acid. In vitro interactions of cations, dyes, ,, and binding chemicals affect uric acid crystallization in terms of structure and formation rate. However, none of the previous studies have shown the possibility of amorphous uric acid particle formation at submicron sizes.…”