Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form

Al-Agele, Ramzi Abdulghafoor Abood; Paul, Emily; Taylor, Sophie; Watson, C. Scott; Sturrock, Craig J.; Drakopoulos, Michael; Atwood, Robert C.; Menzies‐Gow, N. J.; Knowles, E. J.; Elliott, Jonathan; Harris, Patricia A.; Rauch, Cyril

doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0214

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In young foals, epidermal thickness at the dorsum increases, with the greater thickness being ascribed to an increase in inter-tubular horn rather than an increase in tubule number or size. Pressure within the interpapilliary space stimulates even hoof growth [ 49 ], which may account for the number and size of tubules becoming more similar between regions. The malleable hoof wall compresses evenly despite greater dorso-medial loading during standing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof

Hobbs

Curtis²,

Martin

et al. 2022

Animals

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Conformation of the hooves and distal limbs of foals and factors influencing their morphological development have not been reported in detail for the Thoroughbred breed. In this paper we explore morphogenesis of the equine distal limb in Thoroughbred foals with emphasis on adaptations in response to weight bearing early in life that prepare the foal for an athletic career. Novel data from four studies are presented chronologically during key time periods to illustrate specific aspects of distal limb growth and adaptation. Dorsal epidermal thickness increased from 2.84 ± 0.41 mm in utero to 4.04 ± 1.10 mm by 4 months of age. The increase in thickness was accompanied by decreased tubular density, increased inter-tubular material, and an increase in number and size of tubules at the quarters, which provided a malleable hoof capsule to allow for skeletal growth. Between 4–6 months of age, the hoof widens, and higher loading on the medial side (>60%) vs. the lateral side (<40%) may be factors that influence mature asymmetric hoof shape. Shortly after 12 months-of-age, the dorsal hoof wall angle and dorsal parietal angle of the distal phalanx become parallel, thus optimizing the functional capacity of the hoof capsule in the weanling Thoroughbred.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof

Hobbs

Curtis²,

Martin

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Moreover, complex proteins such as collagen and elastin participate in the formation of ECM structure, contributing to the elasticity of spheroids. It was reported that typical elastic modulus of single cells in spheroids is approximately 103 Pa (64), which is far softer than 2D culture condition. Cell communication and signal transduction in spheroids are also closer to in vivo condition than in 2D culture.…”

Section: Spheroid Culture Creates a Natural Physiological Microenviro...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids: potential cell materials for cell therapy

Liu

Yu³

et al. 2020

STEMedicine

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Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been applied in clinical trials with an increasing number in recent years. MSCs showed their great potentials in regenerative medicine for their extensive sources, multilineage differentiation potential, low immunogenicity and self-renewal ability. However, the clinical application of MSCs still confronts many challenges including the requirement of large quantity of cells, low survival ability in vivo and the loss of main original characteristics due to two-dimensional (2D) culture although it is beneficial to cells fast expansion. Three-dimensional (3D) culture artificially creates an environment that permits cells to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Therefore, 3D culture was widely regarded as a more preferable and closer physiological microenvironment for cells growth. Recently, many different 3D spheroid culture methods have been developed to optimize MSCs biological characteristics to meet the demand of regenerative medicine. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the merits and demerits of different spheroid formation methods, expounded the mechanisms of spheroid formation and its microenvironment, and illustrated their optimized biological functions and the pre-clinical applications in various tissue injury and regeneration. In the end, we prospected the trends of this research field and proposed the key problems needed to be solved in the future.

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“…Hoof disease is a common surgical disease in equine animals and cattle, with a higher incidence in dairy cattle [1]. In the past, cattle and horses, as the main livestock workforce, often suffered from hoof disease due to changes in the normal structure of the hoof, caused by heavy weight bearing and overwork [2,3]. Hoof disease is influenced by a number of factors, including genetics, physiological abnormalities, shed hygiene, feeding management, mechanical injuries, and infections by pathogenic bacteria, as well as feed ratios and metabolic diseases in cows [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Analyse the Potential Mechanism of action of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. in the Treatment of Bovine Hoof Disease

Dong

Liu

Zou

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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Based on network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking techniques, the main components of M. cordata for the treatment of bovine relevant active compounds in M. cordata were searched for through previous research bases and literature databases, and then screened to identify candidate compounds based on physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, bioavailability, and drug-like criteria. Target genes associated with hoof disease were obtained from the GeneCards database. Compound−target, compound−target−pathway−disease visualization networks, and protein−protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed in R language. Molecular docking analysis was done using AutoDockTools. The visual network analysis showed that four active compounds, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, allocryptopine and protopine, were associated with the 10 target genes/proteins (SRC, MAPK3, MTOR, ESR1, PIK3CA, BCL2L1, JAK2, GSK3B, MAPK1, and AR) obtained from the screen. The enrichment analysis indicated that the cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and ErbB signaling pathways may be key signaling pathways in network pharmacology. The molecular docking results showed that sanguinarine, chelerythrine, allocryptopine, and protopine bound well to MAPK3 and JAK2. A comprehensive bioinformatics-based network topology strategy and molecular docking study has elucidated the multi-component synergistic mechanism of action of M. cordata in the treatment of bovine hoof disease, offering the possibility of developing M. cordata as a new source of drugs for hoof disease treatment.

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Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form

Cited by 6 publications

References 54 publications

Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof

Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof

Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids: potential cell materials for cell therapy

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Analyse the Potential Mechanism of action of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. in the Treatment of Bovine Hoof Disease

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