Physicochemical and osteoplastic characteristics of 3D printed bone grafts based on synthetic calcium phosphates and natural polymers

The influence of various coatings of hydroxyapatite bone carrier on the success of bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects: Histomorphometric and histological analysis

“…Having in mind these drawbacks, synthetic bone substitutes and xenografts have been introduced 1, 2, 3 . An ideal bone substitute should be non-irritable and non-toxic, providing adequate microenvironment for adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of the cells 4 . In addition, requirements for graft material include not easy achievable mechanic stability and high porosity 5 .…”

Development of 3D Bioactive Scaffolds through 3D Printing Using Wollastonite–Gelatin Inks

“…The possibility to control porosity and interconnectivity provides a valuable tool to enhance cell-biomaterial or tissue-specific interactions, including the access and distribution of cells into the scaffold core, and to improve the transportation of nutrients and oxygen [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Currently, the main strategies in bone tissue engineering are focused on the development of 3D printed scaffolds based on biomimetic composites, with high precision and reproducibility [ 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is a natural composite consisting of hydroxyapatite (inorganic phase) and type I collagen (main organic component) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

“…A wide range of bioactive ceramics, such as calcium phosphates, bioactive glass and calcium silicates, with similarities in composition to the inorganic phase of bone tissue were used to fabricate composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 22 , 23 ]. The main combination of biomaterials for composite scaffolds fabrication as bone tissue mimics was based on calcium phosphates as an inorganic component and hydrogels precursors as organic phase [ 3 , 12 , 17 ]. Hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate or a combination of them, were broadly used to produce 3D printed composites due to their intrinsic bioactivity and osteoconductivity [ 2 , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 17 , 22 , 24 ].…”

“…The main combination of biomaterials for composite scaffolds fabrication as bone tissue mimics was based on calcium phosphates as an inorganic component and hydrogels precursors as organic phase [ 3 , 12 , 17 ]. Hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate or a combination of them, were broadly used to produce 3D printed composites due to their intrinsic bioactivity and osteoconductivity [ 2 , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 17 , 22 , 24 ]. Apart from those, calcium silicates are another important bioceramic class which have gained considerable attention due to their outstanding bioactivity for biomimetic surface mineralization [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”