“…Among the supports, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) stands out as the most widely used MNP for enzyme immobilization 189 because of its cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, low toxicity, large surface area because of small particle size, high magnetic susceptibility, high saturation magnetization, and superparamagnetic properties at room temperature. 189,194,199,200 Consequently, immobilization of enzymes on MNPs signicantly improves stability, catalytic performance, and reusability compared to pure enzymes. 189,200,201 2.2.…”