Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Upper Austrian Elementary School Children—Study Protocol and Preliminary Findings of a State-Wide Fitness Testing Program

Abstract

Motor competence and physical fitness are key components for the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle. Poor motor competence and low physical fitness in children, therefore, are a major threat to future public health. Even though the assessment of physical fitness and motor competence per se does not enhance these entities, fitness tests can provide important information for intervention strategies. Fitness tests may also motivate children to become more active in order to increase their physical abilities. In the school-year 2016/17 the Upper Austrian government initiated the state-wide testing program “wie fit bist du” (how fit are you) in elementary schools, that examined cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, speed, agility, flexibility and object control skills along with the assessment of height and weight. Since the beginning of the program more than 18,000 children between 6 and 11 years of age participated in the school-based tests. The results show a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity with increasing age (p > 0.01). Overweight/obese children displayed lower motor competence and physical fitness, except for upper body strength. Further, the improvement in test performance with increasing age was less pronounced in overweight/obese children compared to their normal weight peers. In fact, distance covered during the 6-min run did not improve throughout the elementary school years in overweight/obese children. Given the importance of motor competence and physical fitness for general development and well-being, physical education should be considered a viable setting for the promotion of these entities as a majority of children can be reached independent of their socio-economic background. In order to provide adequate movement experiences that enhance motor competence and physical fitness while ensuring a motivating environment, objective information on current ability levels are required. The implementation of fitness monitoring at young ages, therefore, can be an important contributor for the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle.

The Covid Pandemic Affected the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children

“…This result is in line with previous research reporting no association of balance and muscular strength [89][90][91]. The ball-push test, on the other hand, is the only one out of the six tests in which overweight children outperform normal-or underweight children [70,71] and might thus be primarily an indicator of physical 'unfitness'. For further discussion of the role of weight status for test performance, we refer to Bähr et al [70] and Fühner et al [45].…”

“…In contrast to the present study, the Thuringian study also assessed the children's body mass index (BMI) and found that normal-weight third-graders, with a BMI of around 15, showed the highest pandemic-related drop in performance. This can be described as an inverse Matthew effect for children with a larger BMI, who tend to show a lower performance in most physical fitness tests than normal-and under-weight children [70,71]: They had less physical fitness to lose.…”

Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years

“…The study population consisted of 18,168 children between 6 and 11 years of age (mean age: 8.4 ± 0.8 years) that participated in a state-wide, school-based physical fitness assessment, which has been described in detail elsewhere [ 40 ]. The study procedures were in accordance with the 2008 declaration of Helsinki and the study protocol has been approved by the Upper Austrian school board as well as the participating schools.…”

Impact of Height-to-Mass Ratio on Physical Fitness of German Third-Grade Children

“…PF is strongly related to body constitution, speci cally when assessed as some combination of the two readily available measures of height and mass [22][23][24] . The most widely used are BMI and HMR, but other indices based on height and mass with variations of power coe cients in their formulas have been proposed [25][26][27] .…”