Physical exercise protects myenteric neurons and reduces parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Moreira, Neide Martins; Zanoni, Jacqueline Nelisis; Dalalio, Márcia Machado de Oliveira; Araújo, Eduardo José de Almeida; Braga, Caroline Felício; Araújo, Silvana Márques de

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.005

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Histopathological evaluation showed differences in the inflammatory infiltrate, which was observed to be lower in the trained group. Similar results on the effects of physical exercise in chagasic animals were obtained in the enteric nervous system (Moreira et al, 2013, 2014a,b). The direct actions of the parasite in the cardiac muscle in the above parameters have not been previously reported in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Moderate physical exercise (ET) contribute to the preservation of nitrergic (Moreira et al, 2014b) and colonic myenteric (Moreira et al, 2013, 2014a) neurons during T. cruzi infection. Pre-infection ET induced some improvement toward the immune response to T. cruzi infection in mice (Schebeleski-Soares et al, 2009) and rats (Novaes et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pre-infection ET induced some improvement toward the immune response to T. cruzi infection in mice (Schebeleski-Soares et al, 2009) and rats (Novaes et al, 2016). ET also contributes a factor of resistance against the development of infections in animals (Moreira et al, 2013, 2014a,b) by stimulating an immune response (Nagatomi, 2006; Schebeleski-Soares et al, 2009). Mice infected with T. cruzi develop a cardio/anemic/renal syndrome in the acute phase, and on the 15th day post infection (DPI), the arterial pressure increases above basal levels in BALB/c mice (Oliveira et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moderate Treadmill Exercise Training Improves Cardiovascular and Nitrergic Response and Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice

et al. 2017

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There is evidence suggesting that exercise training (ET) acts as a factor toward resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. However, the effects of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and nitric oxide (NO) during the acute phase of infection has not been elucidated yet. Swiss mice were randomly assigned into four groups: sedentary control (SC, n = 30), trained control (TC, n = 30), sedentary infected (SI, n = 30), and trained infected (TI, n = 30). ET was performed on the treadmill for 9 weeks. After training, the mice were infected with 5 × 103 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (Y strain) or PBS. We observed resting bradycardia and improved performance in trained animals compared with sedentary ones. On the 20th day post-infection (DPI), we found a decrease in HR in SI animals compared to TI animals (699.73 ± 42.37 vs. 742.11 ± 25.35 bpm, respectively, P < 0.05). We also observed increased production of NO in cardiac tissue on the 20th DPI in the SI group, normalized in TI group (20.73 ± 2.74 vs. 6.51 ± 1.19 μM, respectively). Plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ,) and MCP-1 were increased in SI animals, but decreased in TI animals. The increase in parasitemia on the 15th and 17th DPI in the SI group was attenuated in the TI group. Our results suggest that previous ET plays a preventive role in resistance to T. cruzi infection, modulating cardiovascular aspects, inflammatory reaction, and NO levels of infected mice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moderate Treadmill Exercise Training Improves Cardiovascular and Nitrergic Response and Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice

et al. 2017

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“…Nowadays, this expression can be defined as the field of the biomedical science that studies the interference of physical exercise in both induction and regulation of immune response and that is why exercise immunology is an essential subject for both physical education and immunology communities (Bortolini et al, 2013). Several studies concerning physical exercise found plenty improvements in immune system (Walsh et al, 2011a,b) and recent experimental works have reinforce its importance during various processes, as follows: (a) to fight cancer (Almeida et al, 2009), or protect graft (Fiuza-Luces et al, 2013) (b) to improve the clearance of pathogens, e.g., Trypanosoma cruzi (Schebeleski-Soares et al, 2009; Moreira et al, 2014); and (c) to promote regulation of cytokines as IFN-γ, TNF, TGF-β1, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 during infection by Leishmania (Terra et al, 2013), as well as regulation of TNF (Chao et al, 1992) or TNF and TGF-β (Moreira et al, 2014), during Toxoplasma gondii and T. cruzi infection, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength and Aerobic Physical Exercises Are Able to Increase Survival of Toxoplasma gondii-Infected C57BL/6 Mice by Interfering in the IFN-γ Expression

et al. 2016

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Physical exercise has been implicated in several immunophysiological improvements, particularly during the aging process, when an immunocompromised status could be established. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that causes a widespread opportunistic infection, which may present severe consequences, mainly to the fetus and immunocompromised patients. It is estimated that one-third of the human population worldwide has been infected by this parasite, being the reactivation during immunesenescence an unexplored public health issue. The major purpose of the present study was to observe the immunophysiological differences between exercised vs. sedentary C57BL/6 male mice that have been experimentally infected by T. gondii. In the first set of experiments, the animals were infected after exercising and three groups were set up: experimental groups—infected sedentary (IS, n = 6); infected exercised (IEx, n = 6) and control group—non-infected sedentary (NIS, n = 6). When stimulated in vitro by T. gondii-soluble tachyzoite antigen, it was found that splenocytes from exercised group produced higher levels of IFN-γ, as well as of IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios in comparison with splenocytes from sedentary animals (P < 0.001). However, it was not found significant differences concerning quantification of T. gondii genomic DNA by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis in brain cysts from both group of animals (P > 0.05). In order to further investigate the consequences of these data for the host, a second set of experiments was performed, when the animals were infected before exercising and four groups of animals were established for comparison purpose, as follows: experimental groups—infected sedentary (IS, n = 7); infected exercised (IEx, n = 6) and control groups—non-infected sedentary (NIS, n = 6) and non-infected exercised (NIEx, n = 6). It was found significant differences in the survival rates of the exercised group the animals, as they survived longer than sedentary groups (P = 0.0005). In both sets of experiments, mice have been submitted to moderate exercises: aerobic (14 m/min; 3 x/week) and strength (60–80% of one maximum repetition; 2 x/week). Overall, our findings are showing that the aerobic and strength exercises are able to modulate immune response against T. gondii infection, being these immunological features beneficial to the host.

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“…As mudanças da população neuronal do plexo mioentérico já foram bem estudadas com a cepa Y de T. cruzi (CAMARGOS et al, 2000;MAIFRINO et al, 1999;MOREIRA et al, 2011;MOREIRA et al, 2013;MOREIRA et al, 2014a;MOREIRA et al, 2014b;NOGUEIRA-PAIVA et al, 2014). No entanto, nenhum estudo com a cepa CL foi realizado para verificar as alterações morfoquantitativas causadas no plexo mioentérico.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Trypanosoma cruzi (CEPA CL) Promove Perda Neuronal no Plexo Mioentérico do Cólon de Ratos

2016

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RESUMO:Trypanosoma cruzi, um protozoário parasita, é o agente etiológico da doença de Chagas. A infecção chagásica apresenta duas fases: aguda e crônica. Na fase aguda a mortalidade é mais frequente, sendo que o organismo que consegue sobreviver a ela passa para a fase crônica indeterminada. No trato gastrointestinal o T. gondii pode parasitar o sistema nervoso intramural formando os megaesôfago e o megacólon. Não existem trabalhos que relacionam a perda neuronal do plexo mientérico com a infecção com a cepa CL do T. cruzi. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar alterações morfoquantitativas no plexo mioentérico no colo distal de ratos infectados com a cepa CL durante a fase aguda e crônica da doença. Foram utilizados 20 ratos divididos em quatro grupos: infectado com a cepa CL durante 7 dias (grupo IA) do T. cruzi e seu controle (grupo CA), ambos sacrificados após sete dias do início do experimento, outro grupo infectado (IC) e sacrificado após trinta dias e seu controle (CC). Foi realizada a estimativa da densidade neuronal e a morfometria das áreas do perfil dos corpos celulares dos neurônios através da técnica de Giemsa. A análise quantitativa demonstrou uma redução significativa no número de neurônios nos grupos infectados IA e IC. Em relação ao perfil neuronal foi observada uma atrofia dos neurônios do grupo IC em relação ao controle. Portanto, a cepa CL do T. cruzi provoca uma denervação do plexo mioentérico do colo sem contudo ocasionar hipertrofia neuronal no tempo experimental de trinta dias. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Trypanosoma cruzi (STRAIN CL) CAUSES NEURONAL LOSS IN RATS´ MYO-ENTERIC PLEXUS OF THE COLON ABSTRACT:The parasite protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas´s disease. Infection comprises the acute and chronic type. Mortality in the former is more frequent and the organism that survives passes to the undetermined chronic phase. T. gondii within the gastrointestinal tract parasites the intramural nervous system and causes mega-esophagus and mega-colon. No reports in the literature relate neuronal loss of the myo-enteric plexus with infection by strain CL of T. cruzi. Current analysis verifies morphoquantitative alterations in the myo-enteric plexus in rats´ distal colon infected with strain CL during the acute and chronic phase of the disease. Twenty rats were divided into four groups: infected with strain CL of T. cruzi during 7 days (Group IA) and its control (Group CA), killed after seven days from the start of the experiment; another infected group (IC), killed after 30 days and its control (CC). Neuronal density and morphometry of the areas of cell bodies of neurons were estimated by Giemsa technique. Quantitative analysis showed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in infected groups IA and IC. In the case of the Saúde e Pesquisa, Maringá (PR)

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Physical exercise protects myenteric neurons and reduces parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Moderate Treadmill Exercise Training Improves Cardiovascular and Nitrergic Response and Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice

Moderate Treadmill Exercise Training Improves Cardiovascular and Nitrergic Response and Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice

Strength and Aerobic Physical Exercises Are Able to Increase Survival of Toxoplasma gondii-Infected C57BL/6 Mice by Interfering in the IFN-γ Expression

Trypanosoma cruzi (CEPA CL) Promove Perda Neuronal no Plexo Mioentérico do Cólon de Ratos

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